Fibrinogen receptor antagonists and their use

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to novel fused bicyclic compounds of the general formula (I):  
                 
wherein the symbols are defined herein, to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds, processes for preparing the compounds, and to methods of using the compounds, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents. The compounds are antagonists of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa fibrinogen receptor complex, and are therefore useful for the inhibition of platelet aggregation, and for the treatment of thrombotic diseases and other diseases.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel compounds, which are antagonists of fibrinogen receptors (FRAs), to pharmaceutical preparations comprising them, to processes for their preparation, and to their use as active ingredients in pharmaceuticals, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents, in particular for the inhibition of platelet aggregation and for the treatment of thrombotic disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Platelets are cell-like anucleated fragments, found in the blood of all mammals that support primary hemostasis by forming hemostatic plugs at sites of vascular injury. Thrombosis is the pathological condition wherein improper activity of the hemostatic mechanism results in intravascular thrombus formation. Activation of platelets and the resulting platelet aggregation has been associated with a variety of pathophysiological conditions including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular thromboembolic disorders, for example, the thromboembolic disorders associated with unstable angina, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, stroke, thrombotic disorders such as peripheral arterial disease, and diabetes.

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors (hereinafter referred to as GP IIb/IIIa receptors) are found on the surface of platelets and belong to a superfamily of adhesion receptors known as integrins, which are composed of transmembrane glycoproteins containing α and β subunits. Fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF) are proteins that bind to and crosslink GP IIb/IIIa receptors on adjacent activated platelets and thereby effect aggregation of platelets.

The binding of fibrinogen is mediated in part by the Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD) recognition sequence which is common to the adhesive proteins that bind GP IIb/IIIa receptors (Ferguson, J. J. and Zaqqa, M., Drugs, 1999, 58, 965-982; Mousa, S. A and Bennett, J. S., Drugs of the future 1996, 21, 1141-1154; Ojima, I., Chakravarty, S. and Dong, Q., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 1995, 3, 337-360).

Platelets are activated by a number of agonists that include adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thrombin, serotonin, arachidonic acid, collagen and adrenaline among others, which are released in the body as a result of various physiological reactions. Regardless of the nature of the stimuli involved in the activation of platelets, the final step of platelet aggregation is the binding of fibrinogen to the activated GP IIb/IIIa receptors on the surface of platelets thereby cross-linking platelets. (J. Lefkovits, E. F. Plow, E. J. Topol 1995, New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 1553-1559). This makes GP IIb/IIIa receptors ideal targets for inhibiting platelet aggregation. The development of GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists would, therefore, provide an effective strategy for the control of platelet aggregation and hence thrombi formation (Bennett, J. S, Annual Reviews of Medicine, 2001, 52, 161-184).

Cardiovascular diseases are among those that cause the highest mortality throughout the world. Thus, in order to prevent the cardiovascular diseases caused by platelet aggregation, there is an increased necessity for efficient anti-platelet aggregating treatment with drugs possessing specific characteristics namely efficacy, negligible side effects and fast onset of action.

Current antiplatelet drugs are effective against only one type of agonist; these include aspirin, which acts against arachidonic acid; ticlopidine, which acts against ADP; and hirudin, which acts against thrombin.

Until recently, aspirin has been widely used as an inhibitor of platelet function (New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 330, 1287). While the benefits of aspirin have been demonstrated, there are clinical limitations of this drug. These limitations have provided the impetus for the development of newer antithrombotic agents having therapeutic advantages over aspirin.

Ticlopidine, a thienopyridine derivative, has also been effectively used in patients suffering cardiovascular diseases. However, this drug is associated with a number of serious side effects. Recently, a common pathway for all known agonists has been identified, namely the platelet GP IIb/IIIa complex, which is the membrane protein mediating platelet aggregation (Phillips et al. Cell 1991, 65, 359-362). The development of GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists represents a promising new approach for antiplatelet therapy.

A fibrinogen receptor antagonist (hereinafter referred to as FRA) is an agent that inhibits the binding of fibrinogen to the platelet bound fibrinogen receptor GP IIb/IIIa and thereby prevents platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. Inhibition of platelet aggregation is a major target for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Known fibrinogen receptor antagonists are:

1. Monoclonal antibodies—e.g. abciximab

2. Parenteral compounds

a) Synthetic peptides—e.g. eptifibatide

b) Non peptide peptidomimetics—e.g. tirofiban

3. Oral compounds—e.g. roxifiban, gantofiban

1. Monoclonal Antibodies:

In 1985, a mouse monoclonal antibody against GP IIb/IIIa, known as c7E3, was generated. Subsequently, the Fab fragment of a chimeric human-mouse genetic reconstruction of c7E3 (c7E3 Fab), known as abciximab, was used in clinical trials (Drugs of the Future, 1995, 20, 457-463). Abciximab was launched in 1995 on the US market, as an intravenous preparation.

2. Parenteral Compounds:

a) Eptifibatide, a synthetic cyclic peptide (J. Med. Chemistry, 2000, 43, 3453-3473) was designed as a mimic of a snake venom peptide namely barbourin. Eptifibatide is effectively used for the inhibition of platelet aggregation.

b) Based on the observation that peptides containing the tripeptide Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD) sequence function as fibrinogen receptor antagonists, scientists attempted the development of non-peptide peptidomimetics as inhibitors of platelet aggregation (Hartman et. al. J. Med. Chemistry 1992, 35, 4640-4642).

A number of non-peptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists are known and are disclosed in the patents and other publications, which follow:

JP 10-017469 discloses oxyisoindole derivatives possessing fibrinogen receptor antagonistic activity.

EP-A-712844 discloses condensed ring carboxylic acid compounds having platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist activity that are useful for the prophylaxis and treatment of thrombotic diseases.

EP-A-540334 discloses isoindolinone compounds as fibrinogen receptor antagonists, which are used in inhibiting the binding of fibrinogen to blood platelets and for inhibiting the aggregation of blood platelets.

WO 96/26187 discloses a series of 3,4-dihydro-1(1H)-isoquinolinone based compounds as fibrinogen receptor antagonists useful for inhibiting platelet aggregation with oral activity. Tirofiban, a non-peptide antagonist, developed by Merck & Co. is the first agent of this class to be used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (Hartman G. D. et. al., J. Med. Chemistry, 1992, 35, 4640-4642).

U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,185 describes acetic acid derivatives useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of illnesses which are caused by the binding of adhesive proteins to blood platelets and by blood platelet aggregation and cell-cell adhesion.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,712 describes N-acyl-alpha-aminocarboxylic acid derivatives and N-acyl-alpha-amino acid derivatives which are useful for the treatment or control of illnesses which are caused by the binding of adhesive proteins to blood platelets and by blood platelet aggregation and cell-cell adhesion.

WO 93/07867 discloses substituted beta amino acid derivatives as platelet aggregation inhibitors.

3. Oral Compounds:

There are currently no oral preparations on the market. Many compounds that had reached Phase III clinical trials had to be withdrawn due to lack of efficacy or adverse effects such as major bleeding episodes and thrombocytopenia.

EP-A-483667 describes cyclic imino derivatives having aggregation inhibiting effects.

WO 95/18619 describes bicyclic fibrinogen antagonists as inhibitors of platelet aggregation.

WO 95/14683 discloses isoxazolines and isoxazoles that are useful as antagonists of the platelet GP IIb/IIIa fibrinogen receptor complex for the inhibition of platelet aggregation, as thrombolytics and/or for the treatment of thromboembolic disorders.

Gantofiban is a platelet GP IIb/IIIa antagonist for the treatment of various thrombotic diseases, such as acute coronary syndromes (J. Gante et al. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry letters, 1996, 6:20, 2425-2430); Cromafiban is an orally active GP IIb/IIIa antagonist, which was being developed by COR Therapeutics as a potential treatment for thromboembolic disorders, acute coronary syndromes and stroke (Scarborough R. M., et. al, J. Med. Chemistry, 2000, 43:19, 3453-3473).

Even though several FRAs are described in the prior art, there is still a need to develop specific agents having fibrinogen receptor antagonistic activity in the advent of the increased mortality rate among patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases.

The FRAs currently available are all intravenous preparations, limiting their use to a hospital environment. A clear clinical need and market exists for FRAs that can be administered by more patient-compliant routes.

A focussed research on FRAs by the present inventors has resulted in the discovery of novel compounds. These compounds are effective inhibitors of GP IIb/IIIa receptors. Moreover, the compounds of the invention inhibit GP IIb/IIIa receptors with an efficacy comparable to the known FRAs, which are under clinical trials. Therefore, the compounds of the present invention are candidate agents for the treatment of thrombotic diseases.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

As a result of the various studies made to solve the aforementioned problems, the present invention provides compounds general formula (I) (as described hereinafter).

The present invention further provides processes for the preparation of the compounds of general formula (I) and intermediates thereof.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising as an active ingredient, compounds of the general formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or vehicle.

The present invention further provides for the use of compounds of the general formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of platelet aggregation in a mammal.

Accordingly, the present compounds can be used for the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as unstable angina, myocardial infarction and stroke, and thrombotic diseases in mammals, especially humans, where antagonism of the binding of fibrinogen to the platelet membrane glycoprotein complex GP IIb/IIIa receptor is desired.

These and other objectives and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS OF THE INVENTION

Figures A to H, J and K represent schemes of preferred processes for the preparation of example compounds of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention discloses novel compounds that inhibit platelet aggregation. The compounds of the present invention are believed to inhibit the binding of fibrinogen to the platelet-bound fibrinogen receptor GP IIb/IIIa and find use in antithrombotic therapies for diseases such as cardiovascular (arterial and/or venous) and cerebrovascular thromboembolic diseases.

The compounds of the present invention are compounds of the general formula (I):

wherein: ring A is selected from: aryl and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; R^(A) is selected from: —NO₂, —(CH₂)pCN, —C(═O)—NR¹R², —C(═S)NR¹R², —C(═NR¹)—SMe and —C(═NR¹)—OMe, or R^(A) is selected from one of the following groups of formula (2), formula (3) and formula (4):

wherein p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; s is 1, 2 or 3, and when s is 2 or 3 the groups R^(A) are independent of each other and can be the same or different; R¹ and R² are independently selected from: H, hydroxy, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle; or R¹ and R², together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle, optionally containing at least one additional hetero atom selected from: N, O and S; R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from: H, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —C(═O)OR⁵, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle, —OR⁵, —SR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —S(═O)₂NR⁵R⁶, —S(═O)₂R⁵, —C(═O)R⁵, —C(═O)NR⁵R⁶, —C(═O)OR⁵, —C(═O)SR⁵, —OC(═O)R⁵, —OC(═O)OR⁵, —OC(═O)NR⁵R⁶, —OS(═O)₂R⁵, —S(C═O)NR⁵ and —OS(═O)₂NR⁵R⁶, or R³ and R¹ or R⁴, together with the respective nitrogen atoms to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle, optionally having one or more additional heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy and —C(═O)OR⁵; R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl group optionally contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, S and O anywhere in the chain, including the terminal position; R⁷ and R⁹ have the same meaning as R³ and R⁴, defined above; R⁸ is selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein said heterocycle is saturated, partially saturated or aromatic and contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, O and S, with its point of attachment either through C or N, and wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl groups optionally contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, O and S, anywhere in the chain, including the terminal position; R^(B) is selected from: H, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —OR¹⁰, —SR¹⁰, S(O)R¹⁰, S(O)₂R¹⁰, —NHC(═O)R¹⁰, —NHOR¹⁰, —OC(═O)R¹⁰, —SC(═O)R¹⁰, —NHC(═O)OR¹⁰, —OC(═O)OR¹⁰, —C(═O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —C(═O)R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR¹⁰; R¹⁰ and R¹¹ have the same meaning as R⁵ or R⁶, defined above; s is 1, 2 or 3 and when s is 2 or 3 the groups R^(B) are independent of each other and can be same or different; Y¹ and Y² are independently selected from: H, R¹², R¹³, NR¹²R¹³, OR¹², SR¹², CH₂(OR¹²), CH₂(SR¹²), CH₂S(═O)R¹² and CH₂S(═O)₂R¹², or Y¹ and Y², together, are selected from: ═O, ═S, ═CR¹²R¹³, ═NR¹² and ═N—OR¹²; R¹² and R¹³ are selected from: H, OR⁵, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl and aryl; Z is CH or N; W is (CH₂)_(u), wherein u is the integer 1 or 2; R^(C) is selected from: R⁵, ═O, ═NR¹⁴, ═S, CN, NR¹⁴R¹⁵, OR¹⁴, SR¹⁴, S(═O)₂R¹⁶ and COR¹⁶; R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; s is 1, 2 or 3 and when s is 2 or 3 the groups R^(C) are independent of each other and can be same or different; R¹⁶ is selected from: H, OR¹⁴, N(R¹⁴)₂, NR¹⁴R¹⁵, SR¹⁴ and R⁵, wherein R⁵, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined above; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; R^(D) and R^(E) are independently selected from: H and an unsubstituted or substituted group selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl alkenyl alkynyl, oxo, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷, —NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHC(═O)R¹⁷, —NHC(═O)OR¹⁷, —OC(═O)R¹⁷, —SC(═O)R¹⁷, —OS(═O)₂R¹⁷ and —NHS(═O)₂R¹⁷; R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; R^(F) is selected from: (H, H), (—H, —OH), O, S, N(OR¹⁹), N[OC(═O)OR¹⁹], N[OC(═O)R¹⁹] and N[OS(═O)₂NR¹⁹R²⁰]; R¹⁹ and R²⁰ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; R^(G) is selected from: aryl, heteroaryl, and partially or fully saturated heterocycle, where said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle are substituted in each case by one or more groups independently selected from: —R⁵, halogen, —CN, —SCN, —CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(═O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(═O)R²¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²², —NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹]R²³, C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂R²¹, —S(═O)₂OR²¹ and a group of formula (5): T-(CH₂)_(q)—CR²³R²⁴—COR²⁵  (5) R²¹ and R²² have the same meaning as R¹ and R², defined above: T is selected from: —CH₂, O, S and NH; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle and C(═O)R²⁵, wherein said alkyl and alkenyl optionally contain at least one hetero atom selected from: O, S and N, in any position of the alkyl or alkenyl chain, and said alkyl and alkenyl are unsubstituted or substituted with at least one group selected from: —OR¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —OS(═O)₂R¹, —S(═O)₂NR¹R², —OC(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)SR¹, —OC(═O)NR¹R², —SR¹, —S(—O)R¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR¹, —NR¹(OR²), —NR¹R², —NR¹C(═O)R², —N(R¹)C(═O)OR², —NR¹S(═O)₂R², C(═O)OR¹, —S(═O)₂R¹ and —S(═O)₂OR¹; R²⁵ is selected from: OR⁵, SR⁵, —OCR³R⁴ and —NR⁵R⁶, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined above and wherein, optionally, R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy and —C(═O)OR⁵; and the group NR⁵R⁶ is, optionally, a heterocycle containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from: O, S, and N; in all its stereoisomeric and tautomeric forms and mixtures thereof in all ratios, and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates and prodrugs.

In a first embodiment of the invention, there are provided novel compounds of the general formula (I), or prodrugs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, or polymorphs thereof;

wherein

ring A is aryl;

p is 0, 1 or 2;

s is 1;

Y¹ and Y², together, are selected from: ═O, ═S, ═CR¹²R¹³, NR¹² and ═N—OR¹²;

Z is N;

R^(F) is selected from: (H, H), (H, OH), O and S;

R^(G) is selected from: aryl, heteroaryl and partially or fully saturated heterocycle, wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle are substituted by one or more groups independently selected from: —R⁵, halogen, —CN, SCN, CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(═O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)₂NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(═O)R²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²²—NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹]R²³, —C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂R²¹, —S(═O)₂OR²¹ and a group of the formula (5);

q is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and

R¹-R¹⁸, R²¹-R²⁵, W, T, R^(B), R^(C), R^(D), R^(E) and n are as defined in general formula (I) above.

In a second embodiment of the invention, there are provided novel compounds of the general formula (I), or prodrugs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates or polymorphs thereof;

wherein

ring A is phenyl;

p is 0, 1 or 2;

s is 1;

Y¹ and Y², together, are selected from: ═O and ═S;

Z is N;

R^(C) is selected from: H, alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, ═O, ═NR¹⁴, ═S, CN, NR¹⁴R¹⁵, OR¹⁴, SR¹⁴, S(═O)₂R¹⁶ and COR¹⁶;

n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

R^(G) is selected from: aryl, heteroaryl and partially or fully saturated heterocycle, wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle are substituted by one or more groups of the formula (5) and, optionally, further substituted by one or more groups selected from: —R⁵, halogen, —CN, —SCN, —CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(═O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)₂NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(═O)R²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²², —NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹]R²³, —C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂R²¹ and —S(═O)₂OR²¹;

q is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and

R¹-R¹¹, R¹⁴-R²⁵, W, T, R^(A), R^(B), R^(D), R^(E), R^(F) and u are as defined in general formula (I) above.

In a third embodiment of the invention, there are provided novel compounds of the general formula (I), or prodrugs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates or polymorphs thereof;

wherein

ring A is phenyl;

R^(G) is selected from: phenyl, piperidinyl and piperazinyl, substituted with one or more groups selected from: a group of the formula (5), OCH₂Phenyl and —CH₂C(O)R²⁵, and, optionally, further substituted by one or more groups selected from: —R⁵, halogen, —CN, —SCN, —CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(═O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)₂NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(═O)R²¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²², —NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —NR²¹S(═O)₂R²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹]R²³, C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂ ²¹ and S(═O)₂OR²¹;

W is (CH₂)_(u), wherein u is 1; and

R¹-R²⁵, T, Z, Y₁ and Y₂, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R^(D), R^(E), R^(F), n, s, p and q are as defined in general formula (I) above.

In a fourth embodiment of the invention, there are provided novel compounds of the general formula (I), or prodrugs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates or polymorphs thereof;

wherein

R^(A) is a group of the formula (3);

R₁ is hydrogen;

R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from: H, OH, —C(O)OH and —C(O)Oalkyl;

R^(B)=R^(C)=R^(D)=R^(E)=hydrogen;

Z is N;

Y¹ and Y², together are ═O;

n is the integer 0 or 1;

R^(G) is phenyl, substituted with one or more groups selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, SR²¹, S(═O)₂R²¹, —N(R²¹)—C(O)CH₃, —CH₂C(O)R²⁵ and -T-(CH₂)q-CH₂—C(O)R²⁵;

q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

R²⁵ is selected from: OR⁵, OCR³R⁴ and NR⁵R⁶, wherein R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵; and

R⁵, R⁶ and R²¹ are independently selected from: H, alkyl and phenyl.

W is (CH₂)_(u), wherein u is 1; and

R³, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²², R^(F), T, p and q are as defined in general formula (I) above.

In a fifth embodiment of the invention, there are provided novel compounds of the general formula (I), or prodrugs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates or polymorphs thereof;

wherein

R^(A) is a group of the formula (3);

R₁ is hydrogen;

R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from: H, OH, —C(O)OH and —C(O)Oalkyl;

R^(B)=R^(C)=R^(D)=R^(E)=hydrogen;

Z is N;

Y¹ and Y², together are ═O;

n is the integer 0 or 1;

R^(G) is selected from: piperidinyl and piperazinyl, wherein said piperidinyl and piperazinyl are substituted with one or more groups selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵ and -T-(CH₂)q-CH₂—C(O)R²⁵;

q is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

R²⁵ is OR⁵, wherein R⁵ is selected from: H, alkyl and phenyl; and

R¹, R³-R⁶, T and p are as defined in general formula (I).

Yet other embodiments of the present invention provide processes for the preparation of compounds of general formula (I), and their use as active ingredients in pharmaceuticals, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents, in particular for the inhibition of platelet aggregation and for the treatment of thrombotic disorders in mammals, especially humans.

Listed below are definitions of various terms used to describe the compounds of the present invention. These definitions apply to the terms as they are used throughout the specification (unless they are otherwise limited in specific instances) either individually or as part of a larger group. They should not be interpreted in the literal sense. They are not general definitions and are relevant only for this application.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic” can be defined as a stable 3-7 membered monocyclic or bicyclic, for example 7-10 membered bicyclic, ring which may be saturated, partially saturated or aromatic in nature. Besides carbon atoms, the ring contains 1-4 heteroatoms. The term “heteroatom” as used herein means an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), sulfur (S) and phosphorous (P). The atoms N and S can exist in oxidized form and N can be quaternized. The terms “heterocycle” and “heterocyclic” include a bicyclic ring comprising a heterocyclic ring as defined above fused to a benzene ring. The attachment of above defined heterocyclic ring to the main structure may be through a carbon atom or a heteroatom provided that a stable structure results.

The above defined heterocyclic ring may be substituted anywhere in the ring provided that a stable structure is obtained. Examples of such heterocycles include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl, carbazolyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, furanyl (furyl), furazanyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, indolenyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, indolinyl, 1H-indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolinyl, isooxazolyl, isooxazolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, morpholinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, phenoxathinyl, phenazinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridyl (pyridinyl), pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, triazinyl, thienyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl and xanthenyl.

It should be noted that any heteroatom with unsatisfied valences is assumed to have the hydrogen atom to satisfy the valences.

Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” includes both branched and straight chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having C₁-C₁₅ carbon atom(s), preferably C₁-C₁₂ carbon atom(s), most preferred C₁-C₆ carbon atom(s); examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, and hexyl; the term “cycloalkyl” is intended to include a saturated mono-, bi- or poly-cyclic ring system having C₃-C₁₅ carbon atom(s), preferably C₃-C₁₂ carbon atom(s); examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl, [3,3,0]bicyclooctanyl and [4,4,0]bicyclodecanyl; the term “cycloalkylalkyl” is intended to include connection of a cycloalkyl group defined above via an alkyl group defined above; examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, 2-cyclopropylethyl and 3-cyclohexyl-2-methylpropyl.

As used herein, the term “alkoxy” is alkyl-O—, wherein the alkyl group is as defined above; examples of such groups include, but are not limited to: methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, butyloxy, iso-propyloxy.

Unless stated otherwise, and irrespective of any specific substituents bonded to alkyl groups that are indicated in the definition of the compounds of the general formula (I), alkyl groups may be optionally substituted by at least one, for example 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, identical or different substituents. Any kind of substituents present in substituted alkyl residues can be present in any desired position provided that the substitution does not lead to an unstable molecule. A substituted alkyl refers to an alkyl residue in which at least one, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, hydrogen atoms are replaced with substituents, for example, halogen, hydroxyl, carbonyl, such as oxo, alkoxyl, ester, ether, cyano, amino, amido, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, thioester, sulfonyl, nitro, heterocyclic, aralkyl, or an aryl or heteroaryl group. The carbon backbone of the alkyl group may be interrupted by heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen. Examples of substituted acyclic alkyls are: hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, aminoethyl or morpholinoethyl. Examples of substituted cycloalkyl groups are: cycloalkyl groups which carry as substituent at least one, for example 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, identical or different acyclic alkyl groups, for example acyclic (C₁-C₄)-alkyl groups like methyl groups. Examples of substituted cycloalkyl groups are 4-methylcyclohexyl, 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl and 2,3-dimethylcyclopentyl.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the moieties substituted on the hydrocarbon chain can themselves be substituted, if appropriate. For example, the substituents of a substituted alkyl may include substituted and unsubstituted forms of amino, imino, amido, sulfonyl (including sulfonate and sulfonamide), as well as ether, alkylthio, carbonyl (including ketones, aldehydes, carboxylates, and esters), —CF₃, —CN and the like. Cycloalkyls can be further substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, aminoalkyls, carbonyl-substituted alkyl, —CF₃, cyano (CN), and the like.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein can be defined as a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain having C₂-C₁₅ carbon atoms, preferably C₂-C₁₁ carbon atoms containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds present anywhere in the carbon chain provided that a stable compound is formed; examples of such a group include, but are not limited to: ethenyl, propenyl and pent-2-enyl.

As used herein the term “alkynyl” is defined as a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon chain having C₂-C₁₅ carbon atoms, preferably C₂-C₁₁ carbon atoms which contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds present anywhere in the chain provided that a stable compound results; examples of such a group include, but are not limited to: ethynyl and propynyl.

The terms “alkylene”, “alkenylene” and “phenylene” are intended to refer to alkyl, alkenyl and phenyl groups, respectively, which are connected by two bonds to the rest of the structure as indicated in the structure of general formula (I) or substructures or partial structures thereof, wherever applicable.

The term “aryl” as used herein refers to monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon groups having up to 14 ring carbon atoms in which at least one carbocyclic ring is present that has a conjugated pi electron system. Examples of (C₆-C₁₄)-aryl residues are phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, fluorenyl and anthracenyl. The term “arylalkyl” indicates an aryl group as defined above which is attached to the indicated position through an alkyl bridge.

As used herein the terms “substituted”, “substitution” or substituent” have the meaning that one or more hydrogens on the specified atom are replaced with an atom or group selected from a defined atom or group, such that the normal valence of the atom involved is not exceeded and a stable compound is provided. When a bond to a substituent is shown drawn across the bond connecting any two given atoms in a ring, then such substituent may be connected to any atom in the ring; an example of such a group, without intending to be limiting, is R^(A) in the general formula (I) which may be connected to any ring member; similarly when a bond between an atom or group to another atom or group is not specifically shown, such bond may be formed with any atom or group and other such atom or group. When a substituent is listed without mention of its mode of connection i.e., the atom through which the bond is formed, then such substituent is considered to be connected via any atom in such substituent; for example a substituent shown as —O—CH═CH— includes both the substituents —O—CH═CH— and —CH═CH—O—.

The double bond ═R^(F) in general formula (I) is intended to mean both a double bond and two single bonds at the designated point of attachment. Thus, C═R^(F) can be defined as, for example, C═O, CH(OH), CH₂, C═N—OR¹⁹ and the like.

(R^(C))s is bonded to W in general formula (I) and s can be 1, 2 or 3. Therefore, when W is —CH₂—, one or two R^(C) groups can be bonded to C, replacing one or two hydrogens, respectively, and when W is —CH₂CH₂, up to three R^(C) groups can be bonded to the two carbon atoms in W, replacing a hydrogen with each bond.

A combination of substituent(s) and/or variable(s) leading to stable compound is permissible in the present invention. As used herein a stable compound can be defined as one, which can sustain the steps involved in its isolation from the reaction mixture to a useful degree of purity and subsequent formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.

“Activation” refers to the change in conformation and the subsequent exposure of the otherwise inactive and unexposed GP IIb/IIIa receptors.

“Platelet aggregation” refers to the formation of clumps of platelets, which occur when fibrinogen molecules bind to the activated GP IIb/IIIa receptors and cross-link platelets.

“Thrombi” are clusters of cross-linked platelets, sometimes containing trapped red blood cells.

“GP IIb/IIIa receptors” are glycoprotein receptors on the surface of platelets, which when activated recognize the Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD) sequence in the fibrinogen molecules.

“Thrombocytopenia” is defined as a reduction in the number of circulating free platelets.

It is also to be understood that compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers; all enantiomers, diastereomers and racemic forms are included within the scope of the present invention. It is further understood that geometric isomers of olefins, C═N and conformational isomers or isomers arising out of restricted rotation, as well understood by those familiar to the art of organic chemistry, are also included within the scope of the present invention. Thus, racemic, R and S configurations of the compounds, as well as geometrical E/Z or syn/anti isomers, arising from any asymmetric centre in the compounds are included. The present invention also includes all possible enantiomers and diastereomers in pure or substantially pure form and mixtures of two or more stereoisomers, for example mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereomers, in all ratios. Prodrugs are considered to be any covalently bonded carriers that release the active parent drug in vivo. In other words, a prodrug when absorbed in the blood stream cleaves in such a manner as to release the drug molecule to generate desired therapeutic efficacy. Prodrugs include compounds of general formula (I) wherein hydroxyl, amino, amidino, sulfhydryl or carboxylic groups are bonded to any group, which cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl or carboxyl group, respectively, on administration to a mammalian subject. Thus, the present invention also includes those compounds produced in vivo after administration of a different compound (or prodrug of the compound). The in vivo effects of compounds described herein, may not be exerted by those compounds as such, but by one or more degradation products.

Compounds of general formula (I) which contain one or more basic groups, i.e. groups which can be protonated, can be present and can be used according to the invention in the form of their addition salts with non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. Examples of suitable inorganic acids include: boric acid, perchloric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and other inorganic acids known to the person skilled in the art. Examples of suitable organic acids include: acetic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, glycolic acid, stearic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, pamoic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, phenylacetic acid, glutamic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, sulfanilic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, fumaric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethane disulfonic acid, oxalic acid, isethionic acid, ketoglutaric acid, benzenesulfonic acid, glycerophosphoric acid and other organic acids known to the person skilled in the art.

The compounds of general formula (I) which contain acidic groups can be used according to the invention, for example, as alkali metal salts like Li, Na, and K salts, as alkaline earth metal salts like Ca, Mg salts, as aluminium salts, as salts of organic bases such as lysine, arginine, guanidine, diethanolamine, choline, tromethamine, or as salts with ammonia.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the subject compound, which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally the salts are prepared by contacting the free base or acid with stoichiometric amounts or with an excess of the desired salt-forming inorganic or organic acid or base in a suitable solvent or dispersant or by anion exchange or cation exchange with other salts. Suitable solvents are, for example, ethyl acetate, ether, alcohols, acetone, THF, dioxane or mixture of these solvents.

The present invention furthermore includes all solvates of compounds of general formula (I), for example hydrates or adducts with alcohols.

Various polymorphs of compounds of general formula (I) forming part of this invention may be prepared by crystallization of compounds of general formula (I) under different conditions. For example, using different commonly used solvents or their mixtures for crystallization; crystallization at different temperatures; various modes of cooling, ranging from very fast to very slow cooling during crystallizations. Polymorphs may also be obtained by heating or melting the compound followed by gradual or fast cooling. The presence of polymorphs may be determined by IR spectroscopy, solid probe NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction or such other techniques.

Specifically preferred compounds of this invention are compounds that belong to the examples cited below, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, selected from but not limited to:

-   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid methyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid methyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   4-(2-{5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl}-acetyl]-phenoxy)-acetic     acid isopropyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid isopropyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid isopropyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid isopropyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid isopropyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid isobutyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid isobutyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid isobutyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid isobutyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methanesulfonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid isobutyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid isobutyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid benzyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid; -   (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid benzyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid benzyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethoxy     carbonyl methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(imino-{3-methyl-butyrylamino}-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-1-hydroxyimino-ethyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-isobutoxy     carbonyl methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; -   2-(4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-NN-diethyl-acetamide; -   4-(2-{4-[2-(5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetyl]-phenoxy}-acetoxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic     acid benzyl ester; -   4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(4-{2-[5-carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-butyric     acid ethyl ester; -   4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-butyric     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic     acid methyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-chloro-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-(imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethyl     sulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethane     sulfonyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Ethanesulfonyl-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2,6-Bis-ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Acetylamino-4-{2-[5-N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-(Ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino)-4-{2-[5-(imino-isobutoxy     carbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-(Ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino)-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxy     carbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid benzyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic     acid; -   (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-propoxy-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-ethoxy     carbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; -   (3-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid; -   (2-Ethylsulfanyl-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Ethyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (5-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-isopropyl-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-tert-Butyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Chloro-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Chloro-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic     acid benzyl ester; -   (2-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic     acid benzyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic     acid; -   (4-Hydroxy-3-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-5-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (3,5-Dihydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperazine-1-yl)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (1-{2S-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionyl}-piperidinyloxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (1-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (1-{3-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (1-{2-[5-(5-Methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (1-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (1-{2-[5-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (1-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic     acid; -   (4-{2-[5-Acetimidoylamino-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (3-Ethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-[2-(5-carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetyl]-3-ethoxy-phenoxy}-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-ethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic     acid; -   (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-(Acetylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (3-Acetoxy-4-{2-[5-(5-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester; -   (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic     acid; and -   (3-Allyloxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic     acid ethyl ester.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there are provided processes for the preparation of the compounds of the general formula (I).

wherein ring A is phenyl; R^(A) is selected from: —NO₂, —(CH₂)pCN, —C(═O)—NR¹R², —C(═S)NR¹R², —C(═NR¹)—SMe and —C(═NR¹)—OMe, or R^(A) is selected from one of the following groups of formula (2), formula (3) and formula (4):

wherein p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; s is 1, 2 or 3, and when s is 2 or 3 the groups R^(A) are independent of each other and can be the same or different; R¹ and R² are, independently, selected from: H, hydroxy, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle; or R¹ and R², together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic heterocycle, optionally containing at least one additional hetero atom selected from: N, O and S; R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from: H, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —C(═O)OR⁵, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle; —OR⁵, —SR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —S(═O)₂NR⁵R⁶, —S(═O)₂R⁵, —C(═O)R⁵, —C(═O)NR⁵R⁶, —C(═O)OR⁵, —C(═O)SR⁵, —OC(═O)R⁵, —OC(═O)OR⁵, —OC(═O)NR⁵R⁶, —OS(═O)₂O, —S(C═O)NR⁵ and —OS(═O)₂NR⁵R⁶, or R³ and R¹ or R⁴, together with the respective nitrogen atoms to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle, optionally having one or more heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy and —C(═O)OR; R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl group optionally contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, S and O anywhere in the chain, including the terminal position; R⁷ and R⁹ have the same meaning as R³ and R⁴, defined above; R⁸ is selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, and heterocycle, wherein said heterocycle is saturated, partially saturated or aromatic and contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, O and S, with its point of attachment either through C or N, and wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl groups optionally contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, O and S anywhere in the chain, including the terminal position; R^(B) is selected from: H, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —OR¹⁰, —SR¹⁰, S(O)R¹⁰, S(O)₂R¹⁰, —NHC(═O)R¹⁰, —NHOR¹⁰, —OC(═O)R¹⁰, —SC(═O)R¹⁰, —NHC(═O)OR¹⁰, —OC(═O)OR¹⁰, —C(═O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —C(═O)R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR¹⁰; R¹⁰ and R¹¹ have the same meaning as R⁵ or R⁶, defined above; s is 1, 2 or 3 and when s is 2 or 3 the groups R^(B) are independent of each other and can be same or different; Y¹ and Y² are independently selected from: H, R¹², R¹³, NR¹²R¹³, OR¹², SR¹², CH₂(OR¹²), CH₂(SR¹²), CH₂S(═O)R¹² and CH₂S(═O)₂R¹², or Y¹ and Y², together, are selected from: ═O, ═S, ═CR¹²R¹³, ═NR¹² and ═N—OR¹²; R¹² and R¹³ are selected from: H, OR⁵, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl and aryl; Z is CH or N; W is (CH₂)_(u), wherein u is the integer 1 or 2; R^(C) is selected from: R⁵, ═O, ═NR¹⁴, ═S, CN, NR¹⁴R¹⁵, OR¹⁴, SR¹⁴, S(═O)₂R¹⁶ and COR¹⁶; R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; s is 1, 2 or 3 and when s is 2 or 3 the groups R^(C) are independent of each other and can be same or different; R¹⁶ is selected from: H, OR¹⁴, N(R¹⁴)₂, NR¹⁴R¹⁵, SR¹⁴ and R⁵, wherein R⁵, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined above; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; R^(D) and R^(E) are independently selected from: H and an unsubstituted or substituted group selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷, NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHC(═O)R¹⁷, —NHC(═O)OR¹⁷, —OC(═O)R¹⁷, —SC(═O)R¹⁷, —OS(═O)₂R¹⁷ and —NHS(═O)₂R¹⁷; R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; R^(F) is selected from: (H, H), (—H, —OH), O, S, N(OR¹⁹), N[OC(═O)OR¹⁹], N[OC(═O)R¹⁹] and N[OS(═O)₂NR¹⁹R²⁰], wherein R¹⁹ and R²⁰ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; R^(G) is selected from: aryl, heteroaryl, and partially or fully saturated heterocycle, wherein said aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocycle are substituted by one or more groups independently selected from: —R⁵, halogen, —CN, —SCN, —CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(═O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)₂NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(═O)R²¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²², —NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹]R²²R²³, C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂R²¹, —S(═O)₂OR²¹ and a group of formula (5): T-(CH₂)_(q)—CR²³R²⁴—COR²⁵  (5) R²¹ and R²² have the same meaning as R¹ and R², defined above; T is selected from: —CH₂, O, S and NH; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle, and C(═O)R²⁵, wherein said alkyl and alkenyl optionally contain at least one hetero atom selected from: O, S and N, in any position of the alkyl or alkenyl chain, and said alkyl and alkenyl are unsubstituted or substituted with at least one group selected from: —OR¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —OS(═O)₂R¹, —S(═O)₂NR¹R², —OC(═O)OR¹, —C(═O)SR¹, —OC(═O)NR¹R², —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR¹, —NR¹(OR²), —NR¹R², —NR¹C(═O)R², —N(R¹)C(═O)OR², —NR¹S(═O)₂R², C(═O)OR¹, —S(—O)₂R¹ and —S(═O)₂OR¹; R²⁵ is selected from: OR⁵, SR⁵, —OCR³R⁴ and —NR⁵R⁶, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined above and wherein, optionally, R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle, having one or more heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy and —C(═O)OR⁵; and the group NR⁵R⁶ is, optionally, a heterocycle containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from: O, S, and N; which process comprises reacting compound of formula (II):

wherein L is a leaving group, such as halogen, for example Br; and all other symbols are as defined above; with a compound of the formula (III):

wherein all symbols are as defined above; in the presence of an organic base such as dimethylaminopyridine, purine base, pyridine, triethylamine, or inorganic base such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dioxan, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or a mixture of at least two different organic solvents, at a temperature ranging from −40° C. to 150° C., for 0.5 to 16 h, to effect in situ cyclization to form a compound of the general formula (I) above, and, optionally, converting the compound into a physiologically tolerable salt or prodrug.

Another aspect of the present invention provides an alternative process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula (I), which process comprises reacting a compound of the formula (IV)

wherein L₂ is a leaving group such as halogen, preferably chlorine; and all other symbols are as defined above; with a compound of the formula (V): R^(G)-T(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵  (V) where R^(G) is selected from: piperidinyl, piperazinyl and phenyl, wherein said piperidinyl, piperazinyl and phenyl, are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 hydroxyl groups, for example 2 hydroxyl groups, and all other symbols are as defined above, in the presence of an organic base such as dimethylaminopyridine, purine base, pyridine, triethylamine, or inorganic base such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dioxan, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate or water at a temperature ranging from 0° C. to 150° C., for 0.5 to 12 h, to form a compound of the general formula (I), and, optionally, converting one or more of the hydroxyl groups into a different group selected from the substituents for R^(G) as defined in general formula (I) and, optionally, converting the resultant compound of general formula (I) into a physiologically tolerable salt or prodrug; alternatively, activating a compound of the formula (IV) above, wherein L₂ is —OH, by treatment with a mixed anhydride to form a peptide coupling with a compound of the formula (V), wherein R^(G) is piperidinyl or piperazinyl, and thereby provide a compound of the general formula (I), wherein R^(G) is piperidinyl or piperazinyl, substituted with at least a group of the formula 5; and, optionally, converting the resultant compound of general formula (I) into a physiologically tolerable salt or prodrug.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula (I), wherein R^(G) is phenyl substituted with a group of the formula (5) or —OCH₂Phenyl, and, optionally, substituted with at least one further group selected from: —R⁵, halogen, —CN, —SCN, —CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(═O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(═O)R²¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²², —NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹], R²³, C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂R²¹, —S(═O)₂OR²¹ and a group of the formula 5;

W is —(CH₂)_(u), wherein u is 2; and all other symbols are as defined above;

which process comprises alkylating a compound of the formula (VI):

wherein all symbols are as defined above; with a compound of the formula (VII)

wherein L₃ is a leaving group; and all other symbols are as defined above; in the presence of an organic base such as dimethylaminopyridine, purine base, pyridine, triethylamine, or inorganic base such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dioxan, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or a mixture of at least two different organic solvents, at a temperature ranging from −40° C. to 150° C., for 0.5 to 16 h, to effect in situ cyclization to form a compound of the general formula (I) as defined above, and when R^(G) is substituted with —OCH₂Phenyl, optionally converting the —OCH₂Phenyl into hydroxyl and subsequently coupling the hydroxyl with the group L₄-(CH₂)_(q)—CR²³R²⁴—COR²⁵, wherein L₄ is a leaving group, such as halogen, OMes or OTs; and all the other symbols are as defined in general formula (I); optionally converting the —(CH₂)_(p)CN group into a group of the formula 3; and, optionally, converting the resultant compound into a physiologically tolerable salt or prodrug.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula (I), wherein R^(G) is phenyl, having at least one substituent which is OCH₂Phenyl, and optionally at least one further substituent selected from: —R⁵, halogen, —CN, —SCN, —CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(—O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)₂NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(═O)R²¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹OH, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²², —NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹]R²³, C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂R²¹ and —S(—O)₂OR²¹; and

W is —(CH₂)_(u) where u is 1;

which process comprises, alkylating a compound of the formula (VIII)

wherein B is halogen, acetate, formate; and all other symbols are as defined above; with a compound of the formula (VII):

wherein L₃ is a leaving group, such as halogen, tosyl, mesyl; and all other symbols are as defined above; in the presence of an organic base such as dimethylaminopyridine, purine base, pyridine, triethylamine, or inorganic base such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dioxan, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or a mixture of at least two different organic solvents, at a temperature ranging from −40° C. to 150° C., for 0.5 to 16 h, to effect in situ cyclization to form the compound of general formula (I), wherein R^(A) is —COOEt and s is 2; optionally converting one or both of the —COOEt groups into the cyano group —(CH₂)pCN, wherein p is as defined; optionally, subsequently converting at least one of the cyano groups into a compound of the formula 3, as defined; and, optionally, converting the resultant compound into a physiologically tolerable salt or prodrug.

The present invention further relates to novel process for the preparation of intermediates H63, G48, G54 and H69 identified below, required for the synthesis of the compounds of general formula (I).

Accordingly, there is provided a process for the preparation of intermediate H-63:

wherein R is a group of formula (5), below: T(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵  (5) wherein T is selected from: —CH₂, O, S and NH; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from: H, alkyl and alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle and C(═O)R²⁵, wherein said alkyl and alkenyl optionally contain at least one hetero atom selected from: O, S and N, in any position of the alkyl or alkenyl chain, and said alkyl and alkenyl are unsubstituted or substituted with at least one group selected from: —OR¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —OS(═O)₂R¹, —S(═O)₂NR¹R², —OC(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)SR¹, —OC(═O)NR¹R², —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR¹, —NR¹(OR²), —NR¹R², —NR¹C(═O)R², —N(R¹)C(═O)OR², —NR¹S(═O—)R², C(═O)OR¹, —S(═O)₂R¹ and —S(═O)₂OR¹; R¹ and R² are as defined in general formula (1) above; R²⁵ is selected from: OR⁵, SR⁵, —OCR³R⁴ and —NR⁵R⁶, wherein R³, R⁴ R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined in general formula (I), and wherein, optionally, R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy and —C(═O)OR⁵; and the group NR⁵R⁶ is, optionally, a heterocycle containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from: O, S, and N; R^(/) is H, a protected amino group, such as NHZ, or L, wherein L is a leaving group, such as halogen, OMes or OTs; R^(D) and R^(E) are independently selected from: H and an unsubstituted or substituted group selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷, —NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHC(═O)R¹⁷, —NHC(═O)OR¹⁷, —OC(═O)R¹⁷, —SC(═O)R¹⁷, —OS(═O)₂R¹⁷ and —NHS(═O)₂R¹⁷; R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶; R^(F) is ═O; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; which process comprises reacting the O-allylic compound H-60

wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently selected from: alkyl and alkylaryl, and R has the meaning defined above, with the compound R^(/)(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)COCl, wherein R^(/), R^(D), R^(E) and n are as defined above, in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as Zn, BF₃.etherate, FeCl₃, AlCl₃ and ZnCl₂, preferably Zn, in the presence of an organic solvent or mixture of at least two organic solvents selected from, for example: toluene, benzene, heptane, kerosene, CS₂, CCl₄ and nitrobenzene, preferably toluene, at a temperature ranging from room temperature to 120° C., for a period of 2 to 12 h and, optionally, isolating the intermediate H-63 from the reaction mixture. This is a single step process in which the O-allylic compound H60 may undergo cleavage during the reaction.

There is also provided a novel process for the preparation of novel intermediates G48, G54 and H69 required for the synthesis of a compound of the general formula (I):

wherein R^(K), R^(L), R^(V) and R^(U), are independently selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, halogen, —CN, —SCN, —CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(═O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)₂NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(═O)R²¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²², —NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹]R²³, C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂R²¹, —S(═O)₂OR²¹ and a group of formula (5): T-(CH₂)_(q)—CR²³R²⁴—COR²⁵  (5) wherein T is selected from: —CH₂, O, S and NH; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle and C(═O)R²⁵, wherein said alkyl and alkenyl optionally contain at least one hetero atom selected from: O, S and N, in any position of the alkyl or alkenyl chain, and said alkyl or alkenyl are unsubstituted or substituted with at least one group selected from: —OR¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —OS(═O)₂R¹, —S(═O)₂NR¹R², —OC(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)SR¹, —OC(═O)NR¹R², —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR¹, —NR¹(OR²), —NR¹R², —NR¹C(═O)R², —N(R¹)C(═O)OR², —NR¹S(═O)₂R², C(═O)OR¹, —S(═O)₂R¹ and —S(═O)₂OR¹; wherein R¹, R², R²¹ and R²² are as defined in general formula (I); R²⁵ is selected from: OR⁵, SR⁵, —OCR³R⁴ and —NR⁵R⁶, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined in general formula (I), and wherein, optionally, R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy and —C(═O)OR⁵; and the group NR⁵R⁶ is, optionally, a heterocycle containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from: O, S, and N; with the proviso that at least one of the groups R^(K), R^(L), R^(V) and R^(U) is OH; R^(D) and R^(E) are independently selected from: H and an unsubstituted or substituted group selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷, —NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHC(═O)R¹⁷, —NHC(═O)OR¹⁷, —OC(═O)R¹⁷, —SC(═O)R¹⁷, —OS(═O)₂R¹⁷ and —NHS(═O)₂R¹⁷; R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶; R^(/) is H, a protected amino group, such as NHZ, NHTroc or NHFmoc, preferably NHZ, or a leaving group; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; which process comprises reacting a mono- or polyhydroxy phenol of the formula (IX):

wherein R²¹ is selected from H, alkyl or aralkyl; and R^(K), R^(L), R^(V) and R^(U) have the meaning defined above, preferably R^(K) and/or R^(U)=—OH with a compound of the formula X: R^(/)(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)CN  (X), in which R^(/), R^(D) and R^(E) & n have the meaning defined hereinabove; in the presence of an inorganic acid, such as HCl or HBr, and a Lewis acid catalyst, such as Zn, BF₃.etherate, FeCl₃, AlCl₃ or ZnCl₂, preferably ZnCl₂, and, optionally, isolating the resultant intermediate from the reaction mixture.

The reaction may be carried out at 0° C. to 60° C., preferably at 0° C. to ambient temperature, for a period of 2 to 12 h. in at least one solvent selected from, for example: ether, benzene, THF and dioxane, preferably ether.

Examples of the polyhydroxy phenol that may be used in the process of the present invention are the intermediates G-47, H-65 and H-68, given below:

wherein R²¹ is as defined in respect of general formula (I). Specific examples of the polyhydroxy phenol include: 2 or 4 substituted resorcinol; 1,2,3 trihydroxyphenol; 1,2,4 trihydroxyphenol; and 1,3,5 trihydroxyphenol. Synthesis

The compounds of the present invention can be synthesized by the methods described below, with reference to the schemes in Figures A-H, J and K. Some steps in the methods may include synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry or a modification thereof, as appreciated by those skilled in the art. However, the methods of preparation of the compounds of the present invention are not limited to those methods described below. The reactants and intermediates used in the processes described are either commercially available or can be prepared according to standard literature procedures.

All references cited here are hereby incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.

The following abbreviations are used herein:

-   -   AcOH: acetic acid     -   Ac₂O: acetic anhydride     -   AIBN: 2,2^(/)-azobis-(2-methylpropionitrile)         -   /2,2^(/)-azobisisobutyronitrile     -   β-Ala: 3-aminopropionic acid     -   Boc: tert-butyloxycarbonyl     -   Boc₂O: di-tert-butyl dicarbonate     -   DCC: 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide     -   DCU: 1,3-dicyclohexyl urea     -   DEA: diethyl amine     -   DIEA diisopropylethyl amine     -   DMAP: 4-dimethylaminopyridine     -   DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide     -   DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide     -   EtOAc: ethyl acetate     -   EtOH: ethyl alcohol     -   Fmoc: Fluorenyl methyloxy carbonyl     -   HOBt: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole     -   IBCF: iso-butylchloroformate     -   IPA: iso-propyl alcohol     -   MCPBA: meta-chloroperbenzoic acid     -   MeOH: methanol     -   NBS: N-bromosuccinimide     -   NCS: N-chlorosuccinimide     -   NIS: N-iodosuccinimide     -   NMM: N-methylmorpholine     -   NMP: N-methylpyrrolidine     -   PPh₃: triphenylphosphine     -   PTSA: 4-toluenesulfonic acid     -   Pyr: pyridine     -   TEA: triethylamine     -   TFA: trifluoroacetic acid     -   THF: tetrahydrofuran     -   Troc 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl     -   Tyr: L-tyrosine     -   Z: benzyloxycarbonyl

The symbols used herein R¹ to R²⁵, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R^(D), R^(E), R^(F), R^(G), n, q, Z, W and T have the same meaning as described for the general formula (I), unless otherwise indicated; L is a leaving group such as halogen, OMes or OTs; Q is CH or N. For the purpose of describing the synthesis, Y¹ and Y² together, are ═O; R is T(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; and R^(/) is H, a leaving group (L) or a protected amine, such as —NHZ.

A convenient method for the synthesis of compounds of the present invention involves alkylation of an appropriately substituted amino compound with a suitable alkylating agent and in situ cyclization followed by reaction steps involving functional group modification. Examples of similar cyclization steps have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,144.

Compounds of general formula (I) above may be derived from key intermediates designated as A-8/B-20 and B-19. The preparation of these intermediates by alternative reaction sequences is depicted in the schemes shown in Figures A (compound A-8) and B (compounds B-19 and B-20), which are provided in the accompanying drawings.

Figure A

The preparation of variants of the key intermediate A-8 by alternative reaction sequences are described in the following processes designated herein as processes 1-1, 1-2, 1-3 and 1-4, which are schematically presented in Figure A.

Process 1-1 for the Preparation of Compound A-8 (R^(A) is NO₂, R^(B) and R^(C) are H)

-   -   (i) An appropriately substituted o-tolylamine may be subjected         to a Sandmeyer reaction (Vogel's Textbook of Practical Org.         Chem., 5^(th) edition, 938) to obtain the corresponding cyano         compound, which may be hydrolysed with 50-75% aqueous H₂SO₄ at         100°-150° C. for 12-24 hrs in accordance with a known procedure         (Vogel's Textbook of Practical Org. Chem., 5^(th) edition,         1063). The resulting acid may further be converted to its         corresponding ester designated as A-1 by any standard procedure         known in the art. Alternatively, ester A-1 may also be obtained         from the cyano compound by alcoholysis in presence of a mineral         acid under reflux.     -   (ii) The methyl group in A-1 may be converted to CH₂L (wherein L         represents a leaving group, e.g. Br), by any conventional method         known in the art. One suitable method for said conversion         involves treating the ester A-1 with NBS in presence of AIBN or         dibenzoyl peroxide under reflux in an organic solvent, such as         carbon tetrachloride, chloroform or carbon disulphide, for 2-24         h to obtain the compound designated as A-2.     -   (iii) The resulting compound A-2 may then be converted to the         desired compound A-8 (R^(A) is NO₂, R^(B) and R^(C) are H, W is         CH₂) by alkylation followed by in situ cyclization with         compounds designated herein as H-72, J-77 and K-84. Said         cyclization step may be carried out in presence of an organic         base, such as TEA, DIEA or pyridine, or an inorganic base, such         as NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, KHCO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, or CsOH, in an organic         solvent, such as CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, MeOH, EtOH, iPrOH, THF, dioxane         or DMF, or a mixture of at least two of said solvents, at a         temperature ranging from −40° C. to reflux; preferably at         −25° C. to ambient temperature.

The synthesis of the compounds H-72, J-77 and K-84 are described hereinafter in processes 8-2, 9-1 and 10-1, respectively.

Process 1-2 for the Preparation of Compound A-8 (R^(A) is CN, R^(B) and R^(C) are H):

-   -   (i) The nitro group in the ester A-1 may be reduced to the         corresponding amine designated as A-3 by catalytic hydrogenation         or transfer hydrogenation with ammonium formate in presence of a         catalyst, such as Pd, Pt, Pd—C or Pt—C, or with Raney Ni, in an         organic solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, EtOH, iPrOH, DMF, or a         combination of at least two of said solvents. This reduction may         also be carried out by various conventional methods known in the         art for converting a nitro group to an amino group. One suitable         method uses Zn and CoCl₂.6H₂O as described in a reported         procedure (Ind. J. Chem., 1994, 33B, 758).     -   (ii) The amino group in compound A-3 may then be converted to a         cyano group by a Sandmeyer reaction (Vogel's Textbook of         Practical Org. Chem., 5^(th) edition, 938). The resulting         compound may be subsequently converted to compound A-4 in a         manner similar to that described hereinabove for the conversion         of compound A-1 to compound A-2.     -   (iii) The compounds H-72, J-77 and K-84 may be subjected to         alkylation and in situ cyclization with compound A-4 by a         procedure as described hereinabove for the conversion of         compound A-2 to the desired compound A-8 (R^(A) is CN).         Process 1-3 for the Preparation of Variants of Compound A-8         (R^(A) is CN: R^(B) is COR¹⁰, OR¹⁰, C₁-C₁₅-Alkyl, Halogen, SR¹⁰,         S(O)R¹⁰, S(O)R¹⁰, NHCOR¹⁰, NHCOOR¹⁰, NO₂ or NHZ/NHTroc; and         R^(C) is H):         (i) Preparation of variants of compound A-5:     -   a) The compound A-5 (R^(B) is COR¹⁰) may be prepared by first         protecting the amino group in compound A-3 with an appropriate         protecting group (eg. phthaloyl) and then subjecting the         resulting compound to Friedel-Crafts acylation with a suitable         acylating agent, such as an acid chloride or an anhydride,         followed by deprotection of the amino group by any conventional         method known in the art.     -   b) The compound A-5 (R^(B) is C₁-C₁₅-alkyl) may be prepared by         first protecting the amino group in compound A-3 with an         appropriate protecting group (eg. phthaloyl) and then subjecting         the resulting compound to Friedel-Crafts alkylation followed by         deprotection of the amino group. Alternatively, said compound         A-5 may be prepared by reducing the carbonyl group in the         compound of the type A-5 (wherein R^(B) is CO C₁-C₁₄-alkyl),         which after reduction results in CH₂C₁-C₁₄-alkyl, according to a         reported procedure (Synthesis, 763, 1978; Tetrahedron, 2, 2235,         1967).     -   c) The compound A-5 (R^(B) is halogen, such as Cl, Br, I) may be         prepared by treating compound A-3 with N-halosuccinimide in an         organic solvent, such as DMF, acetonitrile, AcOH, CHCl₃, CS₂,         CH₂Cl₂ or a mixture of at least two of said solvents, at a         temperature ranging from 0°-100° C.     -   d) The compound A-5 (R^(B) is OR¹⁰) may be prepared by first         protecting the amino group in the compound A-5 (R^(B) is Cl, Br         or I) with a suitable protecting group, such as Boc or Z, and         subsequently treating the resulting compound with an alkali         metal alkoxide in the presence of CuCl, CuBr or CuI in         accordance with a reported procedure (Tetrahedron, 48, 3633,         1992; J. Org. Chem., 62, 5413, 1997), followed by deprotection         of the amino group.     -   e) Compound A-5 (R^(B) is SR¹⁰) may be prepared by treating the         compound A-5 (R^(B) is Cl, Br or I) with CuSR¹⁰ in accordance         with a reported procedure (J. Am. Chem. Soc, 81, 4927, 1959).         The resulting compound A-5 (R^(B) is SR¹⁰) may be converted to         its corresponding sulfoxide or sulfone [R^(B) is S(O)R¹⁰ or         S(O)₂R¹⁰] by subjecting it to oxidation.     -   f) Compound A-5 (R^(B) is NO₂) may be prepared by first         protecting the amino group in compound A-3 with a suitable         protecting group (e.g. phthaloyl) and subjecting the resulting         compound to a standard nitration reaction followed by         deprotection of the amino group by any conventional method known         in the art.     -   Alternatively, prior to deprotection, the nitro group in the         resulting compound may be reduced to the corresponding amino         group by following the same procedure as described hereinabove         for the conversion of compound A-1 to compound A-3. The newly         formed amino group may be protected with a different protecting         group, such as Z or Troc, so that it is compatible with the         phthaloyl group and does not interfere at the time of deblocking         the phthaloyl protecting group. The phthaloyl group may then be         removed to obtain the corresponding compound A-5 (R^(B) is NHZ         or NHTroc).     -   Alternatively, the amino compound prior to deprotection of         phthaloyl group may be treated with an appropriate acid chloride         or a chloroformate using a standard procedure in the art to         obtain the desired compound A-5 (R^(B) is NHCOR¹⁰ or NHCOOR¹⁰).     -   (ii) The thus obtained variants of compound A-5 may be converted         to the corresponding compound A-6 by a procedure as described         hereinabove for the conversion of compound A-3 to compound A-4.

(iii) The compounds H-72, J-77 and K-84 may be subjected to alkylation and in situ cyclization with compound A-6 by a procedure as described above in process 1-1, to obtain the desired compound A-8 (R^(A) is CN, R^(B) is as defined above and R^(C) is absent).

-   -   (iv) Alternatively, the compound A-8 may also be obtained from         compound A-7, which in turn can be obtained from compound A-6.         The —CH₂Br group in compound A-6 may be converted to —CH₂CN or         —H₂CH₂NO₂ by using any conventional method. One such method for         converting the —CH₂Br group to —CH₂CN is by treating the halide         with an alkali metal cyanide or Zn(CN)₂ in a suitable solvent,         such as DMF, DMSO or alcohol. One method for converting the         —CH₂Br group to —CH₂CH₂NO₂ is by treating the halide with nitro         methane in the presence of a suitable base, such as NaOEt or         NaH. The nitrile or nitro group is then reduced to an amino         group by any conventional method known in the art. One such         method involves catalytic hydrogenation as described hereinabove         to obtain the compound A-7.     -   The resulting compound A-7 may then be converted to the desired         variants of compound A-8, wherein W is CH₂CH₂ K is H) and other         symbols are as defined earlier, by alkylation followed by in         situ cyclization with compounds designated herein as F-46, G-53,         H-63, wherein R^(/) is a leaving group, such as Cl, Br, I, OMes         and OTs, and J-74. The synthesis of the compounds F-46, G-53,         H-63 and J-74 are described hereinafter in processes 6-1, 7-1,         8-1 and 9-1, respectively.         Process 1-4 for the Preparation of Other Variants of Compound         A-8:     -   (i) The intermediates A-2, A-4 and A-6 may alkylate amines of         the type H₂N(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)COOR¹ (wherein R¹ is         Me/Et/CH₂Ph) followed by cyclization to obtain a compound         designated as A-9. Likewise, the intermediate A-7 may undergo         alkylation with L₃(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)COOR¹ to obtain the         compound A-9.     -   (ii) The compound A-9 may be hydrolysed with aqueous LiOH in an         organic solvent, such as MeOH, EtOH, iPrOH, ThF, dioxane and         DMF, to obtain the corresponding acid A-10. The protecting group         (R¹) of the ester, such as the benzyl group, may also be removed         by catalytic hydrogenolysis of A-9 to obtain the corresponding         acid A-10.     -   (iii) The acid thus obtained may then be coupled with compounds         designated as K-81 or K-83 via a standard peptide coupling         procedure, preferably with DCC, by a mixed anhydride method or         by using any other method for activation of the acid to give         further variants of compound A-8.     -   (iv) Alternatively, the acid A-10 may further be converted to         its acid chloride A-11 by any conventional method, for example,         by treating said acid with SOCl₂. The thus obtained acid         chloride may be coupled with compounds designated as K-81 or         K-83 in the presence of organic bases, such as TEA, pyridine or         DIPEA and inorganic bases such as NaOH, Na₂CO₃, or CsCO₃. The         synthesis of the compounds K-81 and K-83 are described         hereinafter in process 10-1.     -   (v) Alternatively, a suitably substituted mono or polyhydroxy         phenol derivative, such as H65, H68 and G47, may be subjected to         a Friedel-Crafts acylation with the acid chloride A-11 using a         Lewis acid catalyst or by using activated Zn as reported in the         literature (Synth. Commun, 28, 2203, 1998), to obtain yet         another variant of compound A-8.         Figure B

The preparation of variants of the key intermediate B-19 and B-20 by alternative reaction sequences is described below by the processes designated as processes 2-1, 2-2, 2-3 and 2-4, which are schematically presented in Figure B:

Process 2-1 for the Preparation of Compounds B-20 (R^(B) is H):

-   -   (i) 4-Methylbenzoic acid may be treated with bromine in presence         of AgNO₃ according to a reported method (J. Org. Chem., 25,         1024, 1960) to obtain 3-bromo-4-methylbenzoic acid. The methyl         group in the resulting compound may be oxidized by any         conventional oxidizing agent, for example, alkaline potassium         permanganate at a temperature ranging from 50°-100° C. for 2-6         hr to obtain the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The resulting         dicarboxylic acid (Beil, 9, IV, 3335) may be esterified by         refluxing with an appropriate alcohol (e.g. EtOH) in presence of         a mineral acid or by treatment with SOCl₂ followed by addition         of an appropriate alcohol (e.g. EtOH) to give a compound         designated as B-12.     -   (ii) The bromo compound B-12 may then be converted to a cyano         compound by treating it with a reagent, such as CuCN, alkali         metal cyanide or Zn(CN)₂, in a solvent, such as pyridine, DMF, a         lower alcohol, or pyrrolidone; at a temperature ranging from         50°-150° C. for 3-24 hr. The resulting cyano compound may then         be subjected to catalytic hydrogenation in a solvent, such as an         alcohol, AcOH, chloroform, DMF, or a mixture of at least two of         said solvents, at 200-500 psi preferably in an alcohol and         chloroform mixture over PtO₂ at 400 psi for 2-8 hr to obtain a         compound designated as B-13, wherein B is, for example, halogen,         acetate or formate.     -   (iii) The compound B-13 may then be subjected to alkylation with         R^(G)(C═R^(F))CR^(D)R^(E)(CH₂)_(n)L₃ and in situ cyclization to         obtain a compound designated as B-16, wherein the groups R^(K),         R^(L), R^(U) and R^(V) are the same as the ring substituents in         the definition of R^(G). In compound B-16, R^(G) is not         substituted with a —COOR group. The ester group (R^(A)=—COOEt)         in compound B-16 may be converted to a cyano group by any         conventional method, for example, through amide formation         followed by dehydration by a number of reagents well known in         the art, to obtain a compound designated as B-17, wherein         R^(A)=—CN.     -   Alternatively, the ester group (R^(A)) in the compound B-16 may         be converted to a —(CH₂)_(p)CN group by a number of synthetic         steps. These steps involve hydrolysis of an ester to an acid,         reduction of the resulting acid to an alcohol by any         conventional reducing agent, such as NaBH₄— mixed anhydride         (except in cases in which R^(F) is O and S). The resulting         alcohol is converted to a leaving group such as halide, mesyl or         tosyl, by a standard procedure well known to those skilled in         the art. This is followed by treatment with alkali metal cyanide         by a known procedure. (Vogel's Textbook of Practical Org. Chem,         5^(th) edition, 714).     -   The benzyl group of B-16 to B-18 can be removed by a known         method such as catalytic hydrogenolysis or by treatment with         silyl iodide particularly in those compounds wherein R^(F) is O,         in a solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, DMF, benzene, toluene, THF         or dioxane, at ambient to reflux temperature for 2-18 hr.     -   (iv) The phenolic OH group formed by the removal of the benzyl         group in B-16 to B-18 may be finally coupled with         L-(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ by a standard procedure to afford the         desired key intermediate B-20 (where R^(A)=—CH₂)_(p)CN).         Process 2-2 for the Preparation of Variants of Compound B-20         (R^(B) is COR¹⁰, C₁-C₁₅-Alkyl, Halogen, OR¹⁰, S(O)¹⁰ or         S(O)₂R¹⁰, NO₂, NHC(O)R¹⁰, NHC(O)OR¹⁰, NHZ or NHTroc):     -   (i) The preparation of variants of compound B-13 (R^(B) is         COR¹⁰, OR¹⁰, SR¹⁰, S(O)R¹⁰ or S(O)₂R¹⁰)     -   The variants of compound B-13 may be prepared by functionalising         3-bromo-4-methylbenzoic acid by R^(B), wherein R^(B) has the         meaning as described above, in a manner similar to that         described in process 1-3 for the preparation of variants of         compound A-5.     -   (ii) The variants of compound B-13 may then be converted to the         desired variants of compound B-20 in a manner similar to that         described in the above process 2-1.         Process 2-3 for the Preparation of Compound B-20 Starting from         Nitro 2-Halobenzoic Acid:     -   (i) Nitro substituted 2-halobenzoic acid may be esterified in a         manner similar to that described in the above process 2-1(i).     -   (ii) The halo group in the resulting ester may then be converted         to the cyano group according to the procedure described in         process 2-1(ii). Both the nitro and the cyano groups may then be         reduced under acidic conditions by any conventional method known         in the art, for example, catalytic hydrogenation as described in         the above process 2-1. The primary amino group can selectively         be protected using a suitable protecting group, such as Z, Boc,         Fmoc or Troc, to give B-14.     -   (iii) In yet another variation, the substituted 2-halo benzoate         ester may be treated with a reagent, such as         ZNH—CH₂CR^(B)═CR^(C)-L, in the presence of a Pd- or Ni-based         catalyst. This can be followed by reduction of the nitro group         and double bond to give another variant of B-14. The reduction         of the double bond is optional.     -   (iv) Similarly, the substituted 2-halo benzoate ester may be         treated with R^(P)O—CR^(B)═CR^(C)-L. Removal of the protecting         group (R^(P)) from the resulting enol ether will give a keto         compound. The keto compound may undergo reductive amination to         obtain a diamine. The amino group in the side chain may be         protected selectively, using reagents such as Z, Fmoc or Troc,         to give further variants of compound B-14.     -   (v) The variants of compound B-14 thus obtained may be subjected         to a Sandmeyer reaction in a manner similar to that described in         process 1-2 with the minor modification of carrying out said         reaction in a solvent medium of an organic solvent, such as TF,         dioxane or DMF, and water to obtain a compound designated as         B-15.     -   (vi) The compound B-15 may then be reacted with TFA-thioanisole         (J.C.S. Chem. Commun. 101, 1980) or any other standard reagent         used for deprotection such as 2N HBr in AcOH for the removal of         the Z group to obtain a compound designated as B-19.     -   (vii) The resulting compound B-19 may then be converted to the         desired key compound B-20 by alkylation followed by in situ         cyclization with compounds F-46 (R^(/) is L), G-53 (R^(/) is L),         H-63 (R^(/) is L), H-71 (R^(/) is L), and J-74. The symbol L         represents a leaving group, such as Cl, Br, I, OMes or OTs.

The synthesis of said fragments F-46, G-53, H-63, H-71 and J-74 are provided hereinafter in processes 6-1, 7-1, 8-1 and 9-1, respectively.

Process 2-4 for the Preparation Variants of Compound B-20 Starting from Nitro 2-Halobenzoic Acid (R^(B) is C(O)R¹⁰, OR¹⁰, halogen, SR¹⁰, NO₂, NR¹⁰R¹¹, NHCOR¹⁰ or NHCOOR¹⁰)

-   -   (i) The compound B-14 described above may be substituted with         R^(B) (which is as described above) by the method described in         process 1-3. For this, B-14 may be used in which the amino group         substituted on the phenyl ring may be in the unprotected or         protected (with groups, such as phthaloyl, Fmoc or Troc, which         are compatible with Z) form. (Protecting groups in Org         Synthesis, Ed, III, Green. T. W. and Wuts. P. G. M., John Wiley         & Sons Inc., p 494). Subsequent to the substitution of compound         B-14 with R^(B), any protecting group, such as phthaloyl, Fmoc         or Troc, may be removed by any conventional method.     -   (ii) The resulting amine may be subjected to a Sandmeyer         reaction as described in process 1-1 to obtain a cyano         derivative which on deprotection would result in another variant         of B-19.     -   (iii) The resulting compound may then be converted to the         desired variant of compound B-20 by alkylation with compounds         F-46 (R^(/) is L), G-53 (R^(/) is L), H-63 (R^(/) is L), H-71         (R^(/) is L), and J-74, followed by in situ cyclization. The         symbol L is as described earlier.

The synthesis of said compounds F-46, G-53, H-63, H-71 and J-74 are provided hereinafter in processes 6-1, 7-1, 8-1 and 9-1, respectively.

The key compounds A-8, B-20, A-9 and B-15 thus obtained may be subjected to further reaction steps to obtain the compounds designated herein as C-22 and C-23; D-25, D-26, D-27 and D-28; and E-32 and E-33; which correspond to the compounds of general formula (I), as described below by the processes 3-1 to 5-1 and as schematically presented in Figures C, D and E, respectively.

Figure C

The preparation of compounds C-22 and C-23 by alternative reaction sequences is described below by the processes designated as process 3-1 and process 3-2, which are schematically presented in Figure C:

Process 3-1 for the Preparation of Compounds C-22 and C-23:

-   -   (i) The cyano group in compound A-8 (R^(A)=—CN) or B-20         (R^(A)=NC(CH₂)_(p), where p is 0, 1-5) may be subjected to a         Pinner reaction to obtain the corresponding hydrochloride salt         of an imino ether which may then be treated with an appropriate         amino compound (substituted or unsubstituted) to obtain the         substituted or unsubstituted amidine compound designated as         C-21. Likewise the imino ether may be treated with a substituted         or unsubstituted hydroxylamine to obtain the corresponding         substituted or unsubstituted oxime designated as C-22.     -   Alternatively, the cyano group in compound A-8 (R^(A)=—CN) or         B-20 (R^(A)=NC(CH₂)_(p), where p is 0, 1-5) may be subjected to         a known reaction (Daniel. J., Sall. et. al. Bioorg. Med. Chem.         Lett. 6, 81, 1996 and reference therein) to obtain the         corresponding thioimidate compound which may then be treated         with an appropriate amino compound (substituted or         unsubstituted) or hydroxylamine to obtain the respective         substituted or unsubstituted amidino compound C-21 or the oxime         C-22.     -   Compounds of the present invention wherein the group R^(G) in         the compound C-23 (corresponding to compounds of general formula         (I)) is substituted by a group of formula 5 (defined         hereinabove) in which R²⁵ is OH may be obtained as follows: (1)         by subjecting an appropriately substituted oxime C-22 (R²⁵ is         OCH₂Ph) to acylation with Ac₂O (R²⁵ is OMe/OEt) followed by         hydrogenation (R²⁵ is OH) in accordance with a known procedure         (D. C., Batt. et. al. J. Org. Chem. 65, 8100, 2000), (2) by         hydrogenolysis of an appropriately substituted amidine C-21 (R²⁵         is OCH₂Ph), or (3) by first protecting the amidino group with an         appropriate group, preferably a Boc group, to give the compound         C-23 (R²⁵ is OMe/OEt, R³ is Boc) which may be subjected to         hydrolysis followed by deprotection of the amidino group (R²⁵ is         OH; R³ is H) using any conventional method known in the art.     -   A variant of compound C-22 (R¹ &/or R⁴ is H, and R²⁵ is OH) may         be obtained by hydrolysis of an appropriately substituted         hydroxy amino compound C-22 (R¹ &/or R⁴ is H, and R²⁵ is OMe or         OEt) by LiOH in aqueous THF or NaOH or KOH in MeOH or a lower         alcohol.     -   Yet another variant of compound C-23 (R¹/R³/R⁴ is COOR⁵ or         COSR⁵) may be prepared by treating a suitably substituted         amidine C-21 (in which at least one of R¹, R³ and R⁴ in formula         3 as defined under general formula (I) represents H) with a         suitable chloroformate (R⁵OCOCl or R⁵SCOCl) or dicarbonate         ((R⁵OCO)₂O or (R⁵SCO)₂O).     -   Yet another variant of compound C-23, namely the N-sulphonyl or         N-acyl derivative of said compound, may be obtained by treating         a suitably substituted amidine C-21 (in which at least one of         R¹, R³ and R⁴ in formula 3 as defined under general formula (I)         represents H) with a suitable sulfonyl chloride or acyl         chloride, respectively.     -   Yet another further variant of compound C-23, namely the         carbonate, O-acyl or O-sulfonyl derivative of said compound, may         be prepared by treating the oxime C-22 (in which at least one of         R¹ or R⁴ in formula 3 as defined under general formula (1)         represents OH) with an appropriate reagent such as         chloroformate, acyl chloride or sulfonyl chloride.         Process 3-2 for the Preparation of Compounds C-22 and C23,         Wherein the R^(A) Group Represents a Heterocyclic Ring:     -   The compound C-23 (R^(A) is 1,2,4-oxadiazole) may be prepared by         cyclizing compound C-22 (R¹ &/or R⁴ is H) with a suitable acid         anhydride, such as acetic anhydride, in accordance with a         reported procedure (Joachim Gante et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem.         Lett. 6, 2425, 1996) followed by hydrolysis.     -   Likewise, another compound corresponding to compound C-22 (R^(A)         is 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole) may be prepared by         treating the compound C-22 (R¹ &/or R⁴ is H) with a reagent such         as diethyl carbonate, carbonyl diimidazole, triphosgene or         phosgene by using a standard procedure known in the art.         Figure D

The preparation of compounds D-25 and D-28 by alternative reaction sequences is described below by the processes designated as process 4-1, which are schematically presented in Figure D:

Process 4-1 for the Preparation of Compounds Designated as D-25 to D-28

-   -   (i) The nitro group in the compound A-8 (R^(A) is NO₂) may be         subjected to reduction as described hereinbefore by using Zn and         CoCl₂ (Baruah. R. N., Ind. J. Chem., 33B, 758, 1994) to obtain         the corresponding amino compound designated as D-24.     -   (ii) The amino compound D-24 may be treated with a suitable         ω-di-halogen compound under standard conditions known in the art         to give the compound designated as D-25, which corresponds to a         cyclic amino derivative.     -   (iii) The amino compound D-24 may also be substituted with a         desired alkyl group to give a compound designated as D-26.     -   (iv) The amino compound D-24 may further be treated with a         suitably substituted thioimidate salt (Ting Su et al, J. Med.         Chem., 40, 4308, 1997) to obtain a variant of the amidine         compound designated as D-28, in which R^(A) represents the group         of formula 4 (defined hereinabove).     -   The amidine compound D-28 wherein at least one of the groups R⁷         and R⁹ in formula 4 represents H, may further be functionalised         with groups such as urethan, N-acyl or N-sulfonyl by treating         with a suitable chloroformate, acyl chloride or sulfonyl         chloride, respectively, to obtain the desired variants of the         compound D-28.         Figure E

The preparation of compounds E-32 and E-33 by alternative reaction sequences is described below by the processes designated as process 5-1 and process 5-2 which are schematically presented in Figure E:

Process 5-1 for the Preparation of Compounds Designated as E-32 and E-33 Starting from Compound A-9:

-   -   (i) The 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivative designated as E-29 can be         obtained from compound A-9 by a procedure which is described in         process 3-2 above. The 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivative E-29 may be         treated with a compound designated as K-81 or K-83 using a         standard peptide coupling method, such as a DCC, mixed anhydride         method, to give the compound designated as E-32, wherein R^(G)         represents a heterocyclic ring.

(The preparation of compounds K-81 and K-83 are described hereinafter in process 10).

-   -   (ii) Alternatively, the compound E-32 may be prepared by first         converting the derivative E-29 to an acid chloride designated as         E-30 and coupling the resulting acid chloride with compounds         designated as K-81 or K-83 in a manner similar to that described         in process 1-4.     -   (iii) Alternatively, a suitably substituted mono or polyhydroxy         phenol derivative may be subjected to a Friedel-Crafts acylation         with the acid chloride E-30 in a manner similar to that         described in process 14 to obtain yet another variant of         compound E-32 in which R^(G) represents an aryl or aromatic         heterocycle.     -   (iv) The variants of compound E-32 may be subjected to         hydrogenolysis to obtain an amidine designated as E-33.         Process 5-2 for the Preparation of Variants of Compounds E-32         and E-33 from the Compound B-15:     -   The cyano group in compound B-15 may be converted to         1,2,4-oxadiazole by the method described in the above process         3-2. The resulting compound is then subjected to a standard         deprotection procedure known in the art to remove the Z group to         obtain a compound designated as E-31. The resulting compound         E-31 may then be subjected to alkylation with F-46, G-53, H-62,         H-63 (wherein R^(/) is a leaving group, such as Cl, Br, I, OMes         or OTs) and J-74, followed by in situ cyclization to obtain         another variant of compound E-32. The resulting compound E-32         may be subjected to hydrogenation to obtain the amidine E-33.         Figure F

The preparations of variants of compound F-46 (used in the synthesis of key intermediates A-8 and B-20) via different synthetic routes are described below by the processes designated as process 6-1, 6-2 and 6-3, which are schematically presented in Figure F. The groups R^(K), R^(L) and R^(V) in said compound F-46 represent substituents having the same meaning as the ring substituents in the definition of R^(G). The group R represents T(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; R^(/) represents a H atom, a leaving group L, such as halogen, OMes or OTs, or a protected amino group, such as NHZ; Hal is the halogen F, Cl, Br or I and the remaining groups are as defined earlier.

Process 6-1 for the Preparation of Variants of Compound F-46

-   -   (i) An appropriately substituted 1-(hydroxy-phenyl)ethanone may         be treated with L (CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ to obtain a compound         designated as F-46.     -   (ii) The compound F-46 thus obtained may then be treated with         chlorosulfonic acid followed by treatment with a suitable amine         R²¹R²²NH to get a variant of compound F-46 in which R^(L) and/or         R^(V) is SO₂NR²¹R²², wherein R^(L) and R^(V) are as defined         above.     -   (iii) The compound 1-(hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone may be         functionalised with a halogen through a standard nuclear         halogenation method; preferably using N-halosuccinimide in         solvents such as chloroform, dichloromethane, DMF, dioxane, THF,         acetonitrile or acetic, or a mixture of at least two of these         solvents, at from 0° C. to reflux temperature to obtain         compounds designated as F-39 and F-40, wherein R^(L) and R^(V)         each represent a halogen, independently selected from, for         example: Cl, Br and I.     -   (iv) The halogen substituted compounds F-39 and F-40 may be         converted to ether or thio ether derivatives designated herein         as F-41, wherein R^(L)/R^(V) are OR²¹ or SR²¹, according to a         reported procedure (Tetrahedron, 48, 3633, 1992; J. Org. Chem,         62, 5413, 1997 and R. Adams et. al. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 81,         4927, 1959).     -   (v) The thio ether F-41 (R^(L)/R^(V) are SR²¹), may be oxidized         to the sulfoxide or sulfone designated as F-42 (R^(L)/R^(V) are         S(O)R²¹ or S(O)₂R²¹) with a suitable oxidizing agent well known         to those skilled in the art, preferably mCPBA, OXONE®, hydrogen         peroxide or NaIO₄—Ru (MV).     -   (vi) The compounds F-39 to F-42 thus obtained may independently         be alkylated with L(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ (wherein the groups         R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵ and the integer q are as defined earlier), using         standard reaction conditions to obtain variants of compound         F-46, wherein R is O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵, R^(K) is H, and the         remaining groups are as defined earlier.         Process 6-2 for the Preparation of Variants of Compound F-46 in         which the Substituent R^(V) Contains a Nitrogen Atom and is         Connected to the Aromatic Ring through N.     -   (i) An appropriately substituted 1-(hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone is         nitrated by a standard procedure known in the literature or a         modification thereof, to give a compound designated as F-34,         which may be treated with L(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ to obtain a         variant of the compound F-46, wherein R is         O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; R^(K) is H; R^(V) is NO₂; and the         remaining groups are as defined earlier.     -   (ii) The nitro group in compound F-34 may be subjected to         reductive acylation using catalytic hydrogenation in the         presence of an appropriate acid anhydride and a catalyst, such         as Raney Ni, or a noble metal (such as Pd or Pt) based catalyst,         to give a compound designated as F-43. F-43 may be subjected to         alkylation with L(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ to obtain a variant of         the compound F-46, wherein R is O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; R^(K)         and R^(L) are H; R^(V) is NHCOR²²; and the remaining groups are         as defined earlier.     -   (iii) Alternatively, the OH group in compound F-34 may be         protected with a suitable protecting group (Protecting groups in         Org Synthesis, Ed, III, Green T. W. and Wuts. P. G. M, John         Wiley & Sons Inc., p 246), such as a benzyl group, to obtain a         compound designated as F-35. The compound F-35 may then be         subjected to nitro group reduction using any conventional         reduction method known in the art, for example, catalytic         reduction using Raney Ni or Zn—CoCl₂ in DMF (Baruah. R. N.         Ind. J. Chem., 33B, 758, 1994) to obtain an amino compound         designated as F-36. The amino compound F-36 may be treated with         an appropriate acyl chloride (R²¹COCl), sulfonyl chloride         (R²¹SO₂Cl), or chloroformate (R²¹OCOCl) followed by deblocking         of the benzyl group using any conventional method known in the         art to obtain a compound designated as F-37 in which R^(V) is         NHCOR²¹, NHSO₂NR²¹R²², or NHCOOR², respectively. The compound         F-37 may then be subjected to alkylation with         L(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ to obtain yet another variant F-46,         wherein R is O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; R^(V) is NHCOR²¹,         NHSO²NR²¹R²² or NHCOOR²¹; R^(K) and R^(L) are H; and the         remaining groups are as defined earlier.         Process 6-3 for the Preparation of Variants of Compound F-46         from the Compound F-38:     -   (i) An appropriate 1-(halo-phenyl)-ethanone designated as F-38         may be subjected to nucleophilic displacement utilizing         HS(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ either directly or through         Cu(I)-thiolate using a suitable modification of a reported         procedure (R. Adams et. al., J. Amer. Chem. Chem., 81,         4927, 1959) to obtain a variant of compound F-46, wherein R is         S(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; and the remaining groups are as defined         earlier.     -   (ii) Alternatively, the compound F-38 may be subjected to a C—C         bond forming reaction, preferably vinyl coupling with         L-CH═CH(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵, wherein L is a halogen and q is         0-5, using a Pd- or Ni-based catalyst to give compound F-46.         F-46 may be hydrogenated to provide another variant of compound         F-46, wherein R is CH₂(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; q is 1-6; and the         remaining groups are as defined earlier.

These variants of compound F-46 as prepared herein correspond to the compounds of the present invention of the general formula (I), wherein T in T-(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ (formula 5) represents CH₂ or S.

Process 64 for the Preparation of Variants of Compound F-46 from Compound F-44 or F-45

-   -   (i) An appropriately substituted di- or tri-hydroxy benzene may         be subjected to a Friedel-Crafts acylation with an anhydride,         such as R^(/)(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)CO)₂O, or an acid chloride such         as R^(/)(CH₂)CR^(D)R^(E)COCl, in the presence of a Lewis acid,         such as ZnCl₂, AlCi₃. HClO₄, BF₃.etherate, TiCl₄, FeCl₃ or I₂,         and in a solvent, such as CHCl₃, CH₂Cl₂, nitrobenzene or a         C₆-C₁₄ hydrocarbon, at a temperature ranging from an ambient         temperature to 150° C., to obtain a compound designated as F-45.         Alternatively, the appropriately substituted di- or tri-hydroxy         benzene may be subjected to a Fries rearrangement with a phenol         ester of the type ArOCOCR^(D)R^(E)(CH₂)_(n)R^(/) or a         Houben-Hoesch acylation using a suitably substituted or         unsubstituted nitrile R^(/)(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)CN according to a         reported procedure (Junkichi Murai, Chem. Abstr. 50 981c, 1950)         to obtain the compound F-45, wherein two or three of the groups         R¹, R^(K), R^(L) and R^(V) are OH and the remaining groups are         as defined earlier.     -   (ii) The resulting compound F-45 may be subjected to alkylation         with L(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ to give the desired mono-, di- or         tri-alkylated products representing another variant of compound         F-46 wherein two or three of the groups selected from: R¹,         R^(K), R^(L) and R^(V) are —O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ and the         remaining groups are as defined earlier.     -   (iii) In an alternative approach, the appropriately substituted         polyhydroxy phenol may be alkylated first with LCH₂CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵         to obtain a compound designated as F-44, wherein two or three of         the groups selected from: R, R^(K), R^(L) and R^(V) are         —O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵, and the remaining groups are as defined         earlier. The intermediate F-44 may be subjected to a         Friedel-Crafts acylation with [R^(/)(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)CO)₂O]         or acid chloride [R^(/)(CH₂)CR^(D)R^(E)COCl] in presence of a         catalyst, such as ZnCl₂, I₂, HClO₄ or, most preferably, Zn         powder (see Synth. Commun. 2, 2203, 1998) to obtain the desired         variants of the compound F-46.

These variants of compound F-46 as prepared herein correspond to the compounds of the present invention of the general formula (I), in which the aromatic ring in R^(G) is substituted with at least two T-(CH₂)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ groups.

Figure G

The preparation of variants of compound G-53 (used in the synthesis of key compounds A-8, E-32 and B-20) via different synthetic routes is described below by the processes designated as process 7-1, which is schematically presented in Figure G. The groups R, R^(K), R^(L) and R^(V) in said compound G-53 and the remaining groups are as defined earlier.

Process 7-1 for the Preparation of Compound G-53:

-   -   (i) Unsubstituted or substituted 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone         may be subjected to various reactions similar to those described         in the above process 6-1, such as halogenation of the compound         1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone to obtain the mono-substituted         compound designated as G-49 and the di-substituted compound G-50         (R^(L)/R^(V)=Cl/Br/I).     -   (ii) The compounds G-49 and G-50 may be converted into a ether         or a thioether derivative where R^(L)/R^(V)=OR²¹SR²¹ in a manner         similar to that described in process 6-1 for the conversion of         compounds F-39 and F-40 to the compound designated as F-41.     -   (iii) The thioether may be oxidized to a sulfoxide or sulfone         where R^(L)/R^(V) is S(═O)R²¹ or S(═O)₂R²¹ with a suitable         oxidizing agent.     -   (iv) The unsubstituted or appropriately substituted         1-(2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)ethanone may be subjected to a         Friedel-Crafts alkylation to obtain the compound designated as         G-48, wherein R^(K) is OH.     -   (v) Friedel-Crafts acylation of G-47 (which is obtained by the         reduction of 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)ethanone by a standard         procedure) or an appropriately substituted polyhydroxy phenol,         such as substituted resorcinol or trihydroxy phenol, with a         suitable anhydride, such as (R^(/)(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(B)CO₂)O, or         a suitable acid chloride, such as R^(/)         (CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)COCl, gives the compounds designated as G-48         and G-54. Alternatively, the compound G-47 or an appropriately         substituted polyhydroxy phenol may be subjected to a         Houben-Hoesch acylation with R^(/)(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)CN to give         the compounds designated as G-48 or G-54, wherein R^(K) is OH         and the remaining groups are as defined earlier.     -   (vi) The Claisen rearrangement of phenolic allyl ether G-56,         wherein R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d) and R^(e) are independently         selected from: C₁-C₅ alkyl and C₇-C₁₂ alkylaryl, resulted in         G-57. The double bond reduction of G-57 according to a standard         procedure well known in the art gives compound G-58, wherein its         groups are as defined earlier.     -   (vii) The compounds G-54 and G-58 may be reduced partially or         fully by a standard procedure to give the compound designated as         G-55, wherein R^(F) is (H, OH) or (H, H) and the remaining         symbols are as defined.     -   (viii) All the compounds G-48 to G-52, G-54, G-55, G-58 as well         as 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)ethanone, are treated with         L-(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ using a standard procedure to give a         variant of compound G-53, wherein R^(K) is OH; one or more of         the groups R, R^(L) and R^(V) represent O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵;         and the remaining groups are as defined earlier.     -   (ix) The compounds G-53 in which R^(K) is OH, may be further         subjected to substitution reactions using an appropriate alkyl         halide, acyl halide, sulfonyl chloride or chloroformate, to         obtain variants of compound G-53, wherein R^(K) is OCOR²¹,         OS(═O)₂R²¹ or —OCOOR²¹; one or more of the groups R, R^(L) and         R^(V) are O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; and the remaining symbols are         as defined earlier.         Figure H

The preparation of variants of compounds H-63, H-71 and H-72, wherein R^(K) and/or R^(U) are/is OH or substituted OH (used in the synthesis of key intermediates A-8, B-20 and E-32) via different synthetic routes is described below in the processes designated as 8-1 and 8-2, which are schematically presented in Figure H.

Process 8-1 for the Preparation of Compound H-63 and its Variants:

-   -   (i) An appropriately substituted dihydroxy benzaldehyde, such as         3,4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde, may be subjected to a sequence of         reaction steps such as alkylation with L-(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵         to obtain the compound designated as H-59, wherein R²⁵ is         O(CH₂)_(q)R²³R²⁴COR²⁵. The compound H-59 may then be subjected         to a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation (I. M. Godfrey et. al, J.C.S.         Perkin 1, 1353, 1974) followed by hydrolysis of the resulting         formyl ester and subsequent alkylation of phenolic OH to obtain         the compound designated as H-60, wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c)         are independently selected from: C₁-C₅ alkyl and C₇-C₁₂ alkyl         aryl.     -   (ii) The compound H-60 may be subjected to a Friedel-Crafts         acylation (H. M. Meshram. et. al., Synth. Commun, 28,         2203, 1998) with R^(/)(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)COCl in the presence         of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as Zn, BF₃.etherate, FeCl₃, AlCl₃         and ZnCl₃, preferably Zn, in the presence of at least one         organic solvent selected from, for example: toluene, benzene,         heptane, kerosene, CS₂, CCl₄, and nitrobenzene, preferably         toluene, and in situ cleavage of the allyl group to obtain the         desired compound H-63, wherein R and R^(V) are         O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; R^(K) is OH; R^(L) is H; R^(F) is O; and         the remaining groups are as defined earlier.     -   (iii) A variant of compound H-63 (wherein R^(K) represent OR²¹,         OCOR²¹, OS(═O)₂R²¹ or OCOOR²¹, and the remaining groups are as         defined earlier) may be obtained by treatment of the compound         H-63, wherein R^(K) is OH, with an appropriate alkyl halide,         acyl halide, sulfonyl halide or chloroformate under standard         reaction conditions well known in the art.     -   (iv) Yet another variant of compound H-63, wherein R and R^(V)         represent O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; R^(F) is (H, H); R^(D) and         R^(E) are H; and the remaining groups are as defined earlier,         may be prepared by subjecting the compound H-59 to a Wittig         reaction to obtain the compound designated as H-64 which on         hydrogenation gives the desired variant.     -   (v) An appropriately substituted         1-(2,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone may be alkylated with         L-(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ to give a variant of compound H-63         (wherein R is H; R^(V) is O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; R^(F) is O;         and the remaining groups are as defined earlier).     -   (vi) Another variant of compound H-63 may be obtained by         subjecting the compound H-60 to a Friedel-Crafts alkylation with         R^(/)(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)CH₂L, wherein R^(/) is H, NHZ or L and         L is a leaving group, such as halogen, OMes or OTs, to obtain         the compound designated as H-61, followed by the removal of the         allyl group from the resulting compound H-61 to obtain another         variant of compound H-63, wherein R^(F) represents (H, H); R and         R^(V) are O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵; R^(K) is OH; and the remaining         groups are as defined earlier.     -   (vii) Yet another variant of compound H-63 may be obtained by         reducing the carbonyl group in compound H-63 (wherein R^(F)         is O) by a standard procedure known in the art to give compound         H-63, wherein R^(F) represents (H, OH) or (H, H), and the         remaining groups are as defined earlier.     -   (viii) The allyl group in compound H-61 may be removed by a         standard method to give the compound designated as H-62, wherein         R^(F) is (H, H). The compound H-62 may be subjected to a         substitution reaction with an appropriate alkyl halide, acyl         halide or chloroformate leading to the formation of a variant of         the compound H-63, wherein R^(F) is (H, H); R^(K) represents         OR²¹; OCOR²¹; OCOR²¹; OS(═O)₂R²¹ or OCOOR²¹; and the remaining         groups are as defined earlier.         Process 8-2 for the Preparation of Variants of Compound H-71 and         H-72 (Wherein R^(K) and/or R^(U) are/is OH or Substituted OH):     -   (i) Phloroglucinol may be subjected to O-alkylation (Chem.         Abstr., 50, 977d, 1956) to obtain 5-methoxy-1,3-benzenediol,         designated as H-65.     -   (ii) Alternatively, phlororoglucinol may be converted to         5-benzyloxy-1,3-benzenediol designated as H-68 by following a         sequence of reactions according to a reported procedure (Haruo.         Kawamoto. et. al., Synth. Commun. 26, 531, 1996).     -   (iii) The compounds H-65 and H-68 thus obtained may be subjected         to a novel modification of the Houben-Hoesch reaction in which a         suitably protected amino nitrile of the type         R^(/)(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)CN, wherein R^(/) is H, NHZ or L, and L         is a leaving group, such as halogen, OMes or OTs, may be treated         with dry HCl in presence of a Lewis acid, such as ZnCl₂ or         BF₃.etherate, in a solvent, such as ether, THF or dioxane,         followed by hydrolysis of the resulting imine hydrochloride to         obtain the compound designated as H-69, wherein its groups are         as defined earlier.     -   (iv) The compound H-69 may be subjected to selective alkylation         with L-(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵, wherein L is a leaving group, such         as halogen, OMe-s or OTs, to give the compound designated as         H-70, wherein R is O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵, and the remaining         groups are as defined earlier.     -   (v) The compound H-70 may be subjected to further reactions such         as O-alkylation, O-sulphonation, O-acylation or carbonate         formation reaction as described earlier resulting in variants of         the compound H-70 designated as H-71, wherein RU represents         OR²¹, OCOR²¹, OS(═O)₂R²¹ or OCOOR²¹; and the remaining groups         are as defined earlier.     -   (vi) The compound H-71 in which R^(/) is NHZ and optionally         R^(K) is OCH₂Ph may be subjected to a standard deblocking         reaction known in the art, to obtain the amino compound         designated as H-72, wherein B is halogen, acetate or formate.         Figure J

The preparation of compounds J-74 and J-77 (used in the synthesis of key intermediates A-8, B-20 and E-32) via different synthetic routes is described below by the processes designated as process 9-1, which is schematically presented in Figure J. In the compounds referred to below, the groups R^(/), R^(F), R^(D), R^(E), and n are as described earlier. R is T(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ or OCH₂Phenyl and R^(K), R^(L), R^(U) and R^(V) are independently selected from the substituent groups provided in the definition of R^(G).

Process 9-1 for the Preparation of Compounds J-74 and J-77

-   -   (i) Appropriately substituted compounds F-46, G-53, H-63, H-70         and H-71 (in all these compounds n is 0, R^(/)=R^(D)=R^(E)=H)         (prepared by processes described hereinabove) may be subjected         to a standard α-bromination reaction, most preferably by using         bromine in an appropriate solvent, for example, an organic         solvent such as, optionally in the presence of a catalyst, such         as AlCl₃ or other Lewis acid, to obtain the mono-bromo compound         designated as J-74. Alternatively, the bromination may be         carried out using CuBr₂ according to a known procedure (L C.         King. et. al., J. Org. Chem., 29, 3459, 1964), leading to the         formation of the mono bromo compound J-74.     -   (ii) The mono-bromo derivative J-74 may then be converted to a         hexamine salt according to a reported procedure (L. M. Long. et         al J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 71, 2473, 1949) which may in turn be         subjected to a cleavage reaction using an aqueous acid         optionally in presence of a lower alcohol, such as MeOH, EtOH,         or iPrOH, to obtain the amine hydrochloride designated as J-77,         and a small amount of acid (125 is OH) as a side product,         wherein R^(F) is O; R^(D) and R^(E) are H; n is 0; and the         remaining groups are as described.     -   (iii) The compound J-77, if required, may be purified by         treating the mixture of the compound and the residual acid with         a suitable reagent, such as (Boc)₂O, for protecting the amino         group in an alkaline condition to obtain the separated compounds         designated as J-75 (wherein R^(F) is O; R^(D) and R^(E) are H; n         is 0) and J-76, (wherein R^(F) is O; R^(D) and R^(E) are H; n is         0; and R and/or R^(V)=T(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COOH). Deprotection of         the compound J-75 may be carried out using a standard         deprotecting reagent known in the art of peptide synthesis to         obtain the desired compound J-77.         (iv) Likewise, the other compound J-76 (wherein R²⁵ is OH) may         be converted to its corresponding ester by treatment with R⁵OH         or R⁵SH, in the presence of DCC and DMAP according to a reported         procedure (Alfred. Hassner. et. al. Tetrahedron Lett.         4475, 1978) to obtain a variant of the compound J-75, wherein R         is O(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵, and R²⁵ is OH.     -   (v) Alternatively, the compound J-76 in which R²⁵ is OH may be         converted to an amide by treatment with an appropriate amine of         formula R⁵R⁶NH in which R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined, using a         standard peptide coupling procedure resulting in a variant of         the compound J-75.     -   (vi) Deprotection of the Boc group of the compound J-75 may be         carried out using formic acid, TFA or HCl in an organic solvent         in presence of anisole or thioanisole to give the compound J-77,         wherein R^(F) is O; R^(D) and R^(E) are H; n is 0; and the         remaining groups are as defined earlier.     -   (vii) Alternatively, the compounds F-46, G-53, H-63, H-70 and         H-71 [wherein R^(/) is L and R^(F) is O or (H, H)] may be         converted to a hexamine salt (see L. M. Long. et al J. Amer.         Chem. Soc., 71, 2473, 1949), which may be subjected to cleavage         using aqueous acid, optionally in presence of a lower alcohol,         such as MeOH, EtOH or iPrOH, to obtain the corresponding amine         hydrochloride J-77. Purification of said amine hydrochloride, if         required, may be carried out by treating the mixture of compound         J-77 and acid with a suitable reagent such as (Boc)₂O for         protecting the amino group in an alkaline condition to obtain         the compound J-73, wherein R^(F) is O or (H, H); and the         remaining groups are as defined earlier.     -   (viii) Deprotection of the compound J-73 may be carried out         using a standard deprotecting reagent known in the art of         peptide synthesis to obtain the compound J-77, wherein R^(F) is         O or (H, H) and the remaining groups are as defined earlier.     -   (ix) Further, if required, functional group modification such as         alkylation, acylation, sulphonation or carbonate formation may         be carried out on the OH, SH and/or NHR²¹ group(s) of the         compound J-75, wherein one or more of the groups R^(K), R^(L),         R^(U) and R^(V) independently represent OH, SH or NHR²¹ to         obtain the desired variant of the compound, wherein one or more         of the groups R^(K), R^(L), R^(U) and R^(V) independently         represent OR²¹, SR²¹ or NR²¹R²².     -   (x) The thus obtained intermediate J-75 may be subjected to         deprotection of the Boc group leading to the formation of the         variant of compound J-77, wherein all its groups are as defined         earlier.     -   (xi) Variants of the compound J-75, wherein one or more of the         groups R^(K), R^(L) R^(V) and R^(U) represent SR²¹, may be         subjected to functional group modification, such as oxidation of         the thiol ether to give a variant of compound J-75, wherein one         or more of the groups R^(K), R^(L) R^(V) and R^(U) represent         S(═O)R²¹ or S(═O)₂R²¹, which may further be subjected to Boc         deblocking leading to the formation of variant J-77, wherein all         its groups are as defined earlier.     -   (xii) Variants of the compound J-75, wherein one or more of the         groups R^(K), R^(L) R^(V) and RU represent NO₂, may be subjected         to reduction to obtain the corresponding amine, which may         further be treated with an appropriate acyl halide, sulfonyl         halide or chloroformate to give a variant of compound J-75,         wherein one or more of the groups R^(K), R^(L) R^(V) and R^(U)         represent NHCOR²¹, NHSO₂R²¹ or NHCOOR²¹, which in turn may be         subjected to removal of the Boc group leading to the formation         of variant compound J-77, wherein all its groups are as defined         earlier.     -   (xiii) Yet another approach for the preparation of a variant of         the compound J-77, wherein R^(F) is O; R^(D) and R^(E) are H; n         is 0; R is OCH₂Ph; and the remaining symbols are as defined         earlier, may involve the preparation of a compound designated as         J-78 from an appropriately substituted         1-(hydroxy-phenyl)ethanone through phenolic OH group protection         (preferably by a benzyl group) followed by the similar sequence         described earlier. After deprotection of the benzyl group, the         phenolic OH group may be alkylated with L-(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵         to obtain the compound J-75. Finally, both compounds J-75 and         J-78 may be subjected to removal of the Boc group to obtain         variants of the compound J-77. The compound J-77 in which R is         OCH₂Ph is used in the synthesis of fragment B-20.         Figure K

The preparation of compounds K-81, K-83, and K-84 (used in the synthesis of key intermediates A-8 and E-32) via different synthetic routes is described below by the process designated as process 10-1, which is schematically presented in Figure K. The groups n, R^(D), R^(E), q and T in said compounds have the same meaning as described for the general formulae (1) and Q represents CH or N.

Process 10-1 for the Preparation of Compounds K-81, K-83 and K-84:

-   -   (i) N-Protected 4-hydroxy piperidine may be treated with         L(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ in which L and q are as defined earlier,         to obtain a compound designated as K-79, wherein T is O.     -   (ii) The hydroxy group of the N-protected 4-hydroxy piperidine         may be converted into a suitable leaving group, such as OMes or         OTs, followed by treatment with an amine of the type         H₂N(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ or a thiol of the type         HS(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵ to give a variant of compound K-79,         wherein T is NH or S.     -   (iii) Another variant of the compound K-79, wherein T is —CH₂—,         may be obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of the corresponding         pyridine derivative, preferably using PtO₂ in acetic acid, to         obtain an amine followed by protection of the resulting amine         with a suitable protecting group such as Boc or Z.     -   (iv) Alternatively, isonicotinic acid may be reduced to         isonipecotic acid according to a reported procedure (U.S. Pat.         No. 7,399,68), which after N-protection with a suitable         protecting group, preferably Z or Boc, may be converted to an         aldehyde designated as K-80 according to a reported procedure         (M. S. Egbertson et al, J. Med. Chem, 37, 2537, 1994). The         aldehyde may then be treated with an appropriate Wittig reagent         to obtain a variant of compound K-79, wherein T(CH₂)_(q)         represents —CH═CH(CH₂)_(q-1). The double bond may be subjected         to any conventional reduction method known in the art,         preferably hydrogenation resulting in a variant of compound         K-79, wherein T is —CH₂—.     -   (v) The removal of the Z or Boc group may be carried out using a         standard procedure known in the art to obtain a compound         designated as K-81, wherein all its groups are as defined         earlier.     -   (vi) Commercially available piperazine or its derivatives may be         converted to a compound designated as K-83, in a similar manner         as described above in this process. A final deprotection step to         remove the Boc or Z group with an appropriate deprotecting         reagent known in the art provides the amino compound K-83.     -   (vii) Compounds K-83 and K-81 may be coupled with a suitably         protected amino acid, such as Z- or         Boc-NH(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)COOH (wherein the symbols are as         defined earlier), using a standard peptide coupling method,         preferably DCC-HOBt or IBCF-NMM, to obtain the compound         designated as K-82, which may be further subjected to a standard         Boc or Z deprotection to obtain the compound K-84, wherein Q is         CH or N; and the remaining groups are as defined earlier.

The compounds K-81, K-83, and K-84 obtained by the above process are required for the preparation of compounds of general formula (1), in which R^(G) represents substituted piperidine and substituted piperazine.

Compounds according to the general formula (1) can be used to antagonize the activity of GP IIb/IIIa receptors and are beneficial pharmaceutical compounds for the treatment of various thrombotic diseases. In the context of the present invention, compounds of this invention may be administered to patients, where prevention of thrombosis by inhibiting the binding of fibrinogen to the platelet membrane glycoprotein complex GP IIb/IIIa receptor is desired. This would include patients with cardiovascular (arterial and/or venous) and cerebrovascular thromboembolic diseases, under which the following can be included (though are not limited to):

1. arterial thromboembolism

2. cerebral thromboembolism

3. cerebral arterial thrombosis

4. coronary thrombosis

5. deep vein thrombosis

6. diabetes-related thromboembolic disorders

7. sudden ischemic emergencies

8. myocardial infarction

9. pulmonary thromboembolisms

10. stroke

11. thrombophlebitis

12. transient ischemic attack

13. unstable angina and venous thrombosis

14. kidney thromboembolism

These compounds are useful during surgery on peripheral arteries (arterial grafts, carotid endarterectomy) and cardiovascular surgery where manipulation of arteries and organs, and/or the interaction of platelets with artificial surfaces, such as surgical instruments and the heart-lung machine leads to platelet aggregation. The aggregated platelets may form thrombi and thromboemboli. Compounds of this invention may be administered to these surgical patients to prevent such complications. (S. D. Berkowitz, American Heart Journal, 2001, 142, 7-13).

Extracorporeal circulation is routinely used for cardiovascular surgery in order to oxygenate blood. Platelets adhere to surfaces of the extracorporeal circuit. Adhesion is dependent on the interaction between GP IIb/IIIa receptors on the platelet membranes and fibrinogen adsorbed to the surface of the circuit (Gluszko et al., Am. J. Physiol., 1987, 252(H), 615-621). Platelets released from an artificial surface show impaired hemostatic function. Compounds of this invention may be administered to prevent this adhesion.

Other applications of these compounds include (though are not limited to):

-   1. prevention of platelet thrombosis -   2. thromboembolism and reocclusion during and after thrombolytic     therapy and prevention of platelet thrombosis -   3. thromboembolism and reocclusion after angioplasty or coronary     artery bypass surgery -   4. prevention of myocardial infarction -   5. prevention of blood clots after orthopedic surgery

Cell adhesion (cell-cell or cell-matrix) involves processes that require proteins like fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin and vWF. These proteins bind to the integrin superfamily of receptors to produce their action. Thus, GP IIb/IIIa antagonists which antagonize the integrin superfamily of receptors may be useful in diseases, other than the above, which involve cell adhesion processes. Such diseases include (though are not limited to):

1. adult respiratory distress syndrome

2. allergies

3. asthma

4. rupture of atherosclerotic plaques

5. autoimmune diseases

6. inflammation,

7. bone degradation

8. contact dermatitis

9. diabetic retinopathy

10. eczema

11. graft versus host disease

12. inflammatory bowel disease

13. metastasis

14. organ transplantation rejection

15. osteoarthritis

16. osteoporosis

17. psoriasis

18. rheumatoid arthritis

19. septic shock

20. tumors

The present invention therefore also relates to the compounds of the general formula (I) and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their pro-drugs for use as pharmaceuticals (or medicaments), to the use of the compounds of the general formula (I) and/or their physiologically tolerable salts and/or their pro-drugs for the manufacture of medicaments for the production of pharmaceuticals for the inhibition of GP IIb/IIIa receptors or for the therapy or prophylaxis of the diseases and conditions mentioned above, for example for the production of pharmaceuticals for the therapy and prophylaxis of cardiovascular (arterial and/or venous) and cerebrovascular thromboembolic diseases, etc., and to methods of treatment aiming at such purposes including methods for said therapies and prophylaxes. The methods of treatment comprise administering a compound of general formula (I) and/or its physiologically tolerable salts and/or its pro-drugs to a mammal, especially a human. The present invention furthermore relates to pharmaceutical compositions that contain an effective amount of at least one compound of the general formula (I) and/or its physiologically tolerable salts and/or its prodrugs in addition to a customary pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and to a process for the production of a pharmaceutical, which comprises bringing at least one compound of general formula (I) into a suitable administration form using a pharmaceutically suitable and physiologically tolerable excipient and, if appropriate, further suitable active compounds, additives or auxiliaries. The pharmaceutical preparation comprises the compound of general formula (I) in an amount adequate to antagonize GP IIb/IIIa receptors. The present invention also relates to a method for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of disorders associated with activation of GP IIb/IIIa receptors, characterized in that at least one compound of the general formula (I) is used as the pharmaceutically active substance.

The pharmaceuticals can be administered orally, for example in the form of pills, tablets, coated tablets, capsules, granules or elixirs. Administration, however, can also be carried out rectally, for example in the form of suppositories, or parentally, for example intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, in the form of injectable sterile solutions or suspensions, or topically, for example in the form of solutions or transdermal patches, or in other ways, for example in the form of aerosols or nasal sprays or as precoated stents.

The pharmaceutical preparations according to the invention are prepared in a manner known per se and familiar to one skilled in the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable inert inorganic and/or organic carriers and/or additives can be used in addition to the compound(s) of the general formula (I) and/or its (their) physiologically tolerable salts and/or its (their) prodrugs. For the production of pills, tablets, coated tablets and hard gelatin capsules it is possible to use, for example, lactose, corn starch or derivatives thereof gum arabic, magnesia or glucose, etc. Carriers for soft gelatin capsules and suppositories are, for example, fats, waxes, natural or hardened oils, etc. Suitable carriers for the production of solutions, for example injection solutions, or of emulsions or syrups are, for example, water, physiological sodium chloride solution or alcohols, for example, ethanol, propanol or glycerol sugar solutions, such as glucose solutions or mannitol solutions, or a mixture of the various solvents which have been mentioned.

The pharmaceutical preparations normally contain about 1 to 99%, preferably about 5 to 70%, most preferably from about 10 to about 30% by weight of the compounds of the general formula (I) and/or their physiologically tolerable salts and/or their prodrugs. The amount of the active ingredient of the general formula (I) and/or its physiologically tolerable salts and/or its prodrugs in the oral pharmaceutical preparations normally is from about 5 to 200 mg. The dose of the compounds of this invention, which is to be administered, can cover a wide range. The dose to be administered orally daily is to be selected to suit the desired effect. About 10 to 100 mg are preferably administered orally daily per patient. If required, higher or lower daily doses can also be administered. For intravenous administration the most preferred dose will range from about 0.01 to 3 mg per patient. Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective in achieving the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition and mode of administration without being toxic to the patient. The effective amount of a compound of the present invention, which may be administered in a single dose or in the form of individual divided doses, may be determined by one of ordinary skilled in the art. It will be understood that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the species, age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject, the mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and severity of the particular condition.

The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present invention employed, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compounds employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.

In addition to the active ingredients of the general formula (I) and/or their physiologically acceptable salts and/or prodrugs and to carrier substances, the pharmaceutical preparations can contain additives such as, for example, fillers, antioxidants, dispersants, emulsifiers, defoamers, flavor corrigants, preservatives, solubilizers or colorants. They can also contain two or more compounds of the general formula (I) and/or their physiologically tolerable salts and/or their prodrugs. Furthermore, in addition to at least one compound of the general formula (I) and/or its physiologically tolerable salts and/or its prodrugs, the pharmaceutical preparations can also contain one or more other therapeutically or prophylactically active ingredients.

The compounds of the present invention may be used as drugs in the treatment of thrombotic diseases either alone or as part of combined therapies. For instance, the compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with known antithrombotic agents. If formulated as a fixed dose, such combination products employ the compounds of the present invention within the dosage range described above and the other pharmaceutically active agent within its approved dosage range. For example, in the 2^(nd) SYMPHONY trial patients were treated with sibrafiban and aspirin. In the NICE-4 trial, a combination of abciximab and enoxaparin was studied (Bhatt, D. L. and Topol, E. J., JAMA, 2000, 284, 1549-1558).

It is understood that modifications that do not substantially affect the activity of the various embodiments of this invention are included within the invention disclosed herein. Accordingly, the following examples are intended to illustrate but not to limit the present invention.

The examples as described below are given by way of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way in as much as many variations of the invention are possible within the meaning of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester, acetic acid salt

A solution of the compound of example 1i (1.49 g; 2.76 mmol) in MeOH (40 ml) was treated with ammonium acetate (0.86 g; 11 mmol), refluxed for 1 h, concentrated, purified using flash chromatography (RP-18 column, MeOH:0.2% AcOH in water/1:1) and crystallized using dry MeOH-ether to obtain the title compound. Yield, 0.08 g (6.6%); mp, 181-182° C.; MS (ESI): 404 (M⁺+Na⁺), 382 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₃N₃O₇, 0.5H₂O requires, C, 58.66; H, 5.55; N, 9.33; found: C, 58.31; H, 5.23; N, 9.72%.

EXAMPLE 1a 2-Methyl-4-nitro-benzoic acid ethyl ester

Thionyl chloride (48 ml) was added slowly to 2-methyl-4-nitro-benzoic acid (85 g; 0.469 mol) and the reaction mixture was refluxed (4-6 h) to give a clear solution. It was brought to room temperature then chilled to 0° C. Dry alcohol (150 ml) was added slowly with vigorous stirring and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 30 min. It was concentrated, treated with crushed ice, NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated, purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.) and crystallized using EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. to obtain the title compound as light yellow crystals. Yield, 83.8 g (85.4%); mp, 68-71° C.; IR: 2950, 1720, 1525; MS (EI): 209(M⁺), 192. 181, 163 (100%), 89.

EXAMPLE 1b 4-Amino-2-methyl-benzoic acid ethyl ester

Compound of example 1a (41 g; 196 mmol) in MeOH (500 ml) was hydrogenated using Raney Ni (2 g) at 50 psi for 2 h. The solution was filtered free off the catalyst, concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% EtOAc-PE 60-80° C., 30% EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 33 g (93.94%); mp, 77-80° C., MS (EI): 179 (M⁺), 134 (100%), 106, 77; analysis: C₁₀H₁₃NO₂ requires, C, 67.02; H, 7.31; N, 7.82; found, C, 67.25; H, 7.26; N, 7.57%.

EXAMPLE 1c 4-Cyano-2-methyl-benzoic acid ethyl ester

Compound of example 1b (32 g; 178 mmol) was treated with conc. HCl (64 ml) and water (320 ml), cooled to 0° C., then treated to a dropwise addition of an aqueous solution of NaNO₂ (12.33 g; 178 mmol, 320 ml) over a period of 1 h at 0-5° C. The diazonium salt solution was neutralized with Na₂CO₃ and added slowly to an aqueous solution of KCN and CuCN (13.38 g; 204.4 mmol, 19.34 g; 204.4 mmol, 500 ml), maintained at 0-5° C., with vigorous stirring over a period of 1 h. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. at 0-5° C. and left stirring overnight at room temperature. It was subsequently heated on steam bath for 30 min., treated with an aqueous 10% FeCl₃ solution and extracted with EtOAc (3×500 ml). The organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated, purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.) and crystallized using EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. to obtain the title compound as a pure white solid. Yield, 20 g (59.2%); mp, 64-65° C.; MS (EI): 189 (M⁺), 144 (100%), 116, 89; analysis: C₁₁H₁₁NO₂, 0.5H₂O requires C, 66.70; H, 6.06; N, 7.07; found: C, 67.11; H, 5.88; N, 6.88%.

EXAMPLE 1d 2-Bromomethyl-4-cyano-benzoic acid ethyl ester

NBS (22.8 g; 128 mmol) was added to a solution of the compound of example 1c (22 g; 116.4 mmol) in CCl₄ (1 lit.), followed by a catalytic amount of AIBN (˜10 mg). The reaction mixture was refluxed (6-7 h), cooled to room temperature, washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated, purified using flash chromatography (5% EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.) and crystallized using EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. to obtain the title compound. Yield, 15.8 g (50.64%); mp, 70-72° C.; analysis: C₁₁H₁₀BrNO₂, 0.5H₂O requires C, 49.25; H, 3.73; N, 5.22; found: C, 49.27; H, 3.62; N, 4.79%.

EXAMPLE 1e (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester, hydrochloride EXAMPLE 1f (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid

Hexamine (7.56 g; 54 mmol) was added with stirring to a solution of (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester (15 g; 52.3 mmol) in dry chloroform (300 ml) and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. Dry ether (250 ml) was added and the white solid that separated was filtered, washed with CHCl₃-Ether 1:1 (2×30 ml), dried (22 g), treated with MeOH (35 ml), conc.HCl (17.5 ml) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated, filtered and the solid obtained was washed with cold water (5 ml), ether, ethyl acetate and dried to obtain the title compound of example 1e (5.2 g, 39%). The filtrate was diluted with water (100 ml) and neutralised with NaHCO₃ at 0° C. A solution of (Boc)₂O (8.7 g) in dioxane (100 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h, concentrated and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to obtain the crude product, which was hydrolysed with 1N methanolic NaOH for 1 h. The reaction mixture was processed as is routinely done and crystallised using EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. to obtain the title compound of example 1f (8.1 g, 50%); mp, 51-53° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 332 (M⁺+Na⁺) 310 (M⁺+1), (ESI⁻) 308 (M⁺−1).

EXAMPLE 1g (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester

NaHCO₃ (4.6 g; 54.8 mmol) was added with stirring to a solution of the compound of example 1e (5 g; 16.44 mmol) in dry DMF (50 ml) at −25° C. Subsequently compound of example 1d (3.673 g; 13.7 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) was added drop wise over a period of 1 h. The reaction mixture was maintained at −25° C. for an additional 30 min., gradually brought to room temperature and stirred overnight. It was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (3×30 ml). The combined organic layers was washed with water, dilute aqueous HCl, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5-10% CH₃CN in CHCl₃) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 1.5 g (30.12%); mp, 185-187° C.; MS (EI): 364 (M⁺), 193 (100%), 171, 116; analysis: C₂₀H₁₆N₂O₅ requires, C, 65.93; H, 4.43; N, 7.69; found, C, 65.64; H, 4.44; N, 7.22%.

EXAMPLE 1h (4-{2-[1-Oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)acetic acid methyl ester

H₂S gas was passed through a solution of the compound of example 1g (0.6 g, 1.65 mmol) in pyridine/Et₃N::5/1(50 ml) for 30 min. to obtain an amber coloured solution which was stirred at room temperature till the starting material was consumed. It was concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH in CHCl₃) to obtain the title compound as a pale yellow solid. Yield, 0.628 g (95.73%); ¹H-NMR (DMSO-D₆): 3.72 (3H, s, OCH ₃), 4.56, 4.98, 5.13 (6H, 3×s, 3×CH ₂), 7.12 (2H, d, J=8.7, H-2^(/) & H-5^(/)), 7.75 (1H, d, J=7.75, H-7), 7.96 (1H, dd, J=7.75, 2.0, H-6), 8.10 (1H, d, J=2.0, H-4), 8.05 (2H, d, J=8.72, H-3^(/) & H-5^(/)), 9.70, 10.10 (2H, 2×s, NH ₂).

EXAMPLE 1i (4-{2-[5-Methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester, hydro iodide

A solution of the compound of example 1h (0.628 g; 15.78 mmol) and iodomethane (1 ml) in dry acetone (45 ml) was refluxed for 3 h. It was concentrated to obtain the title compound as a yellow solid. Yield, 0.8 g (93.89%); ¹H-NMR (DMSO-D₆): 2.84 (3H, s, SCH ₃), 3.72 (3H, s, OCH ₃), 4.64, 4.98. 5.17 (6H, 3×s, 3×CH ₂), 7.12 (2H, d, J=9.15, H-2^(/) & H-6^(/)), 7.98 (2H, m, H-6 & H-7), 8.04 (2H, d, J=9.15, H-3^(/) & H-5^(/)), 8.15 (1H, br, H-4).

EXAMPLE 2 (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester, hemihydrate

A mixture of the compound of example 1g (0.3 g; 0.824 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.22 g; 3.3 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (0.3 g; 3.3 mmol) in MeOH (25 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. It was concentrated, purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5-10% MeOH+1% AcOH in CHCl₃) and crystallized from MeOH-ether to obtain the title compound. Yield, 0.135 g (40.3%); mp, 175-176° C.; analysis: C₂₀H₁₉N₃O₆, 0.5H₂O requires, C, 59.19; H, 4.96; N, 10.33; found: C, 58.32; H, 4.72; N, 10.12%.

EXAMPLE 3 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 3d using the procedure described in Example 1. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (RP-18, MeOH: 0.2% AcOH (1:1)) and crystallized from dry MeOH-ether. Yield, 44%; mp, 185-87° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 396 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₅N₃O₇ requires: C, 60.65; H, 5.53; N, 9.23; found: C, 60.27; H, 5.49; N, 9.20%.

EXAMPLE 3a (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester (9.03 g; 30 mmol) using the procedure described in example 1e and example 1f. Yield, 2.9 g (35.5%); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 1.33 (3H, t, J=7.3, CH₂CH ₃), 4.30 (2H, q, J=7.3, CH ₂CH₃), 4.60, 4.83 (4H, 2×s, 2×CH ₂), 7.15 (2H, d, J=8.7, H-3 & H-5), 8.08 (2H, d, J=8.7, H-2 & H-6). Compound of example 1f was also obtained. Yield, 4.17 g (45%)

EXAMPLE 3b (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 3a using the procedure described in example 1g. Yield, 1.47 g (51%); mp, 186-87° C. (CHCl₃-PE 60-80° C.); MS (ESI⁻): 377 (M−1).

EXAMPLE 3c (4-{2-[1-Oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-4-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 3b using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN+0.5% MeOH in CHCl₃). Yield, 81%; mp, 185-186° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 411 (M−1), analysis: C₂₁H₂₀N₂O₅S requires, C, 61.17; H, 4.85; N, 6.80; S, 7.77; found: C, 61.24; H, 4.68; N, 6.68; S, 8.09%.

EXAMPLE 3d (4-{2-[5-Methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 3c using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 85.8%; mp, 180-183° C.; MS (ESI+): 449 (M⁺+Na⁺); analysis: C₂₂H₂₄IN₂O₅S requires C, 47.65; H, 4.15; N, 5.05; S, 5.78; found: C, 48.06; H, 4.02; N, 4.73; S, 5.40%.

EXAMPLE 4 (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hemihydrate

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.05 g; 0.75 mmol) was added to a solution of the compound of example 3d (0.277 g; 0.5 mmol) in ethanol (10 ml), followed by the addition of NaHCO₃ (0.063 g; 0.75 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 60%; mp, 175-78° C.; MS (ESI): 412 M⁺+1); analysis C₂₁H₂₁N₃O₆, 0.5H₂O requires C, 59.96; H, 5.23; N, 10.0; found: C, 60.34; H, 5.16; N, 9.64%.

EXAMPLE 5 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 5e using the procedure described in example 1 (propane-2-ol was used instead of methanol). Yield, 46%, mp, 162° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 410 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₇N₃O₇, 0.5H₂O requires C, 60.23; H, 5.90; N, 8.76; found: C, 59.92; H, 5.62; N, 8.61%.

EXAMPLE 5a (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester

A solution of DCC (2.06 g; 10 mmol) in EtOAc (10 ml) was added with stirring, at 0° C. to a mixture of the compound of example 1f (2.78 g; 9 mmol) and propane-2-ol (2 ml) in EtOAc (20 ml). DMAP (1.1 g; 9 mmol) was added after 10 min and stirring continued for 2 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stored in a freezer overnight. The precipitated DCU was filtered and the filtrate was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in CHCl₃) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 3.0 g (94.9%); mp, 62-64° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); analysis: C₁₈H₂₅NO₆ requires C, 61.53; H, 7.17; N, 3.99; found: C, 61.94; H, 7.19; N, 3.95%.

EXAMPLE 5b (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester, hydrochloride

A mixture of the compound of example 5a (2.5 g; 7.12 mmol), formic acid (12 ml) and anisole (0.4 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. Ethereal HCl (1 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was well stirred. It was concentrated, triturated with dry ether, decanted free of ether and thoroughly dried to obtain the title compound. Yield, 1.88 g (91.8%); ¹H NMR D₂O): 1.24 [6H, d, J=7.0, CH(CH ₃)₂], 4.61 (2H, s, NHCH ₂), 4.86 (2H, s, OCH ₂CO), 5.08 (1H, hep, J=7.0, CHMe₂), 7.05, 7.94 (4H, 2×d, J=8.1, ArH).

EXAMPLE 5c (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 5b using the procedure described in example 1g. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN—CHCl₃). Yield, 30%; mp, 147-49° C.; analysis: C₂₂H₂₀N₂O₅, 0.25H₂O requires C, 66.51; H, 5.03; N, 7.05; found: C, 66.94; H, 5.14; N, 7.14%.

EXAMPLE 5d (4-{2-[1-Oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 5c using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 96.77%; mp, 165° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 425 (M−1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₂N₂O₅S requires C, 61.96; H, 5.29; N, 6.57; found: C, 62.37; H, 5.39; N, 6.50%.

EXAMPLE 5e (4-{2-[5-Methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 5d using the procedure described in Example 1i. Yield, 79%; mp, 190 (d); MS (ESI⁺): 463 (M⁺+Na).

EXAMPLE 6 (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-iso indol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester

Methyl chloroformate (0.023 ml; 0.29 mmol) was added with stirring at 0° C. to a mixture of the compound of example 5 (0.114 g; 0.28 mmol), 0.1N aqueous NaOH (2.80 ml; 0.28 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (0.024 g; 0.28 mmol) in water (3 ml) and dioxan (6 ml). After 1 h, the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH—CHCl₃). Crystallization was carried out using EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. to obtain the title compound. Yield, 0.12 g (94.2%); mp, 183-84° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 490 (M⁺+Na⁺), 468 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₅N₃O₇ requires C, 61.66; H, 5.39; N, 8.99; found: C, 61.20; H, 5.23; N, 8.83%.

EXAMPLE 7 (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 5 using the procedure described in example 6 Isobutyl chloroformate was used instead of methyl chloroformate. Yield, 40%; mp, 155-57° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 532 (M⁺+Na⁺), 510 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₇H₃₁N₃O₇, 0.5H₂O requires, C, 62.48; H, 6.17; N, 8.11; found, C, 62.62; H, 6.09; N, 7.95%.

EXAMPLE 8 (4-{2-[5-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-iso indol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 5 using the procedure described in example 6. Benzyl chloroformate was used instead of methyl chloroformate. Yield, 56%; mp, 156-58° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 566 (M⁺+Na⁺), 544 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₃₀H₂₉N₃O₇, 0.5H₂O requires C, 65.22; H, 5.48; N, 7.60; found, C, 65.56; H, 5.42; N, 7.58%.

EXAMPLE 9 (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 5e using the procedure described in example 4. Propane-2-ol was used instead of ethanol. Yield, 75.3%; mp, 164-66° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 448 (M⁺+Na⁺), 426 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₅N₃O₅, H₂O requires C, 61.50; H, 5.82; N, 9.79; found, C, 61.70; H, 5.39; N, 10.06%.

EXAMPLE 10 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 10e using the procedure described in example 1. Isobutanol was used instead of methanol. Yield, 46%; mp, 105° C.; MS (CI): 435 (M⁺+29), 407 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₆N₃O₅I, requires C, 50.10; H, 4.75; N, 7.62; I, 23.01; found: C, 50.11; H, 5.06; N, 7.28; L 22.78%.

EXAMPLE 10a (4-{2-[tert-Butoxycarbonylamino]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 1f using the procedure described in example 5a. 2-methyl-1-propanol was used instead of propane-2-ol. Yield, 93.44%; oil; MS (ESI+): 388 (M⁺+Na), 366 (M⁺+1), ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 0.91 (6H, d, J=7.1, CH(CH ₃)₂], 1.49 [9H, S, (CH ₃)₃], 1.96 (1H, m, CHMe₂), 4.0 (2H, d, J=7.6, CH ₂CHMe₂), 4.56 (2H, d, J=5.5, NHCH ₂), 4.73 (2H, s, OCH ₂CO), 5.57 (1H, br, NH), 6.96 (2H, d, J=8.2, H-2 & H-6), 7.96 (2H, d, J=8.2, H-3 & H-5).

EXAMPLE 10b (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 10a using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 89%.

EXAMPLE 10c (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 10b using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN—CHCl₃). Yield, 25%; mp, 144-45° C.; MS (ESI+): 429 (M⁺+Na); analysis: C₂₃H₂₂N₂O₅, H₂O requires C, 65.02; H, 5.65; N, 6.59; found: C, 65.45; H, 5.32; N, 6.51%.

EXAMPLE 10d (4-{2-[1-Oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-4-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 10c using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 1% MeOH in CHCl₃). Yield, 95.7%; MS (ESI⁻): 439 (M−1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₄N₂O₅S, requires C, 62.71; H, 5.49; N, 6.36; found: C, 62.90; H, 5.72; N, 6.45%.

EXAMPLE 10e (4-{2-[5-Methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 10d using the procedure described in example 1i in 73% yield. MS (ESI⁺): 478 (M⁺+Na), 456 (M⁺+1); ¹H NMR (DMSO-D₆): 0.87 [6H, d, J=7.03, CH(CH ₃)₂], 1.96 [1H, m, CH₂CH(CH₃)₂], 2.85 (3H, s, SCH ₃), 3.94. (2H, d, J=6.4, CH ₂CH(CH₃)₂], 4.64, 4.99, 5.17 (6H, 3×s, 3×CH ₂), 7.14 (2H, d, J=8.3, H-2^(/) & H-6^(/)), 7.98 (2H, br, H-6, H-7), 8.05 (2H, d, J=8.5, H-3^(/), H-5^(/)), 8.16 (1H, br, H-4).

EXAMPLE 11 (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 10 using the procedure described in example 6. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel with 3% MeOH—CHCl₃). Crystallization was carried out using hot EtOAc-PE60-80° C. Yield, 42%; mp, 162-63° C.; MS(ESI⁺): 504 (M⁺+Na⁺), 482 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₇N₃O₇ requires C, 62.36; H. 5.65; N, 8.73; found: C, 62.41; H, 5.77; N, 9.08%.

EXAMPLE 12 (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester, sesquihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 10 using the procedure described in example 6 Isobutyl chloroformate was used instead of methyl chloroformate. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, ether/dichloromethane [1:1]) and crystallised using CHCl₃-PE60-80° C. Yield, 59%; mp, 140-41° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 546 (M⁺+Na⁺), 524 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₈H₃₃N₃O₇, requires C, 61.03; H, 6.54; N, 7.63; found, C, 61.16; H, 6.35; N, 7.49%.

EXAMPLE 13 (4-{2-[5-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 10 using the procedure described in example 6. Benzyl chloroformate was used instead of methyl chloroformate. Yield, 50%; mp, 139-40° C. (CHCl₃-PE 60-80° C.); MS (ESI⁺): 580 (M⁺+Na⁺), 558 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₃₁H₃₁N₃O₇, requires C, 66.78; H, 5.60; N, 7.54; found, C, 66.44; H, 5.58; N, 7.22%.

EXAMPLE 14 (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methanesulfonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-iso indol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester

Aqueous 0.1 N NaOH (2.7 ml; 0.27 mmol) was added with stirring over a period of 10 min. to an aqueous solution of the compound of example 10 (0.138 g; 0.25 mmol, 4 ml) chilled in an ice bath at 0° C. The reaction mixture was extracted with dichloromethane and dried (Na₂SO₄). The dichloromethane layer (10 ml) was decanted, cooled to 0° C., treated with NaHCO₃ (0.06 g; 0.7 mmol) and subsequently with freshly distilled methanesulfonyl chloride (0.05 ml; 0.64 mmol) under vigorous stirring conditions which was continued for 30 min at 0° C. and for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 2.5% MeOH in chloroform). Crystallisation was carried out using 5% MeOH—CHCl₃ and dry ether. Yield, 0.05 g (40%); mp, 177-78° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 524 (M⁺+Na⁺), 502 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₇N₃O₇S, requires C, 57.47; H, 5.43; N, 8.38, S, 6.39; found, C, 57.88; H, 5.50; N, 8.32; S, 6.78%.

EXAMPLE 15 (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 10e using the procedure described in example 4. Isobutanol was used instead of EtOH. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 2.5% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 74.3%; mp, 153-54° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 462 (M⁺+Na⁺), 440 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₅N₃O₆, requires C, 62.86; H, 5.73; N, 9.56; found, C, 62.58; H, 5.61; N, 9.29%.

EXAMPLE 16 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester, acetic acid salt, monohydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 16e using the procedure described in example 1. Isobutanol was used instead of methanol. Yield, 38%; mp, 190° C. (d); MS (ESI⁺): 480 (M⁺+Na), 458 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₈H₂₇N₃O₇, H₂O requires C, 63.81; H, 5.57; N, 7.97; found: C, 63.59; H, 5.28; N, 7.70%.

EXAMPLE 16a (4-{2-[tert-Butoxycarbonylamino]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

A solution of hexamine (7.1 g; 50.7 mmol) in chloroform (100 ml) was added to (4-{2-bromo-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester (18.2 g; 50.13 mmol) with stirring at room temperature over a period of 1 h. Dry ether (100 ml) was added and the solid hexamine salt obtained was filtered, dried (19 g; 37.77 mmol) and hydrolysed with 1.5N HCl (300 ml) for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated to a volume of 100 ml, cooled to 0° C. and neutralized with NaHCO₃. A solution of di-tert-butyldicarbonate (12 g; 55 mmol) in dioxane (100 ml) was added with stirring and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir, at 0° C. for 1 h and subsequently at room temperature for 1 h. It was concentrated and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 5.4 g (27%); MS (CI): 400 (M⁺+1), 344, 300, 196, 152; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.49 [9H, s, (CH ₃)₃], 4.61 (2H, d, J=5.5, NHCH ₂), 4.76 (2H, s, OCH ₂CO), 5.26 (2H, s, CH ₂Ph) 5.57 (1H, br, NH), 6.94, 7.90 (4H, 2×d, J=8.02, ArH), 7.32-7.40 (5H, br, CH₂PhH).

The acid compound of example 1f was obtained in 58% yield.

EXAMPLE 16b (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 16a using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 78%; MS (ESI⁺): 300 (M⁺+1); ¹H NMR (DMSO-D₆): 4.51, 5.05, 5.21 (6H, 3×s, 3×CH ₂), 7.12, 7.97 (4H, 2×d, J=8.01, Ar—H), 7.38 (5H, m, CH₂PhH).

EXAMPLE 16c (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 16b using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN—CHCl₃). Yield, 25.4%; mp, 159-60° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 463 (M⁺+Na); analysis: C₂₆H₂₀N₂O₅ requires C, 70.90; H, 4.58; N, 6.36; found: C, 70.61; H, 4.49; N, 5.98%.

EXAMPLE 16d (4-{2-[1-Oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-4-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 16c using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 1% MeOH in CHCl₃). Yield, 93%; mp, 137-38° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 473 (M−1); analysis: C₂₆H₂₂N₂O₅S, H₂O requires C, 64.75; H, 4.62; N, 5.62; found: C, 64.52; H, 4.96; N, 5.79%

EXAMPLE 16e (4-{2-[5-Methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 16d using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 84.2%; ¹H NMR (DMSO-D₆): 2.84 (3H, s, SCH ₃), 4.64, 5.05, 5.17, 5.23 (8H, 4×s, 4×CH ₂), 7.13 (2H, d, J=8.7, H-2^(/) & H-6^(/)), 7.39 (5H, br, PhH, 7.98 (2H, br, H-6, H-7), 8.04 (2H, d, J=8.7, H-3^(/), H-5^(/)), 8.25 (1H, br, H-4).

EXAMPLE 17 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid hydrochloride, monohydrate

The compound of example 16 (0.1 g) was dissolved in glacial acetic acid (30 ml) at 80° C. and the hot solution was hydrogenated using 10% Pd—C (0.01 g) for 40 min. The catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated to obtain the title compound, which was purified using flash chromatography (RP-18, MeOH-1% AcOH [1:1]). Yield, 0.03 g; mp, 302° C.; MS: 390 (M⁺+Na), 368 (M⁺+1); ¹H NMR (TFA): 2.2 (3H, s), 4.77, 4.85, 5.32 (6H, 3×s, 3×CH ₂), 7.05 (2H, d, J=8.02), 8.1 (5H, m).

Alternative Method:

The crude compound of example 17 (b) (0.12 g) was dissolved in a mixture of formic acid (3 ml) and anisole (0.13 ml). The clear solution was kept at room temperature for 4 h. It was stirred with ethereal HCl (0.5 ml) for 2 min., evaporated to dryness and treated with dry ether. The solid obtained was filtered and washed with dry ether. Purification was effected by trituration with MeOH, filtration and drying to obtain the title compound of as a white solid. Yield, 0.04 g; mp>250° C. (d); MS (ESI⁺): 368 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₉H₁₈ClN₃O₅, H₂O requires C, 56.05; H, 4.74; N, 9.96; Cl, 8.42; found: C, 54.11; H, 4.66; N, 9.46; Cl, 8.41%.

EXAMPLE 17a (4-{2-[5-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Aqueous 0.1N NaOH (1.2 ml; 1.2 mmol) was added to a solution of the compound of example 3 (0.6 g; 1.2 mmol) in dioxane (15 ml) and water (15 ml) at 0° C., with stirring, followed by the addition of NaHCO₃ (0.11 g; 1.2 mmol) and di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (0.35 g; 1.44 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0-10° C. for 3 h, concentrated, treated with water and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 20% CH₃CN in chloroform, 2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 0.51 g (78.3%); ¹H NMR (DMSO-D₆): 1.23 (3H, t, J=7.3, CH₂CH ₃), 1.48 [9H, s, C(CH ₃)₃], 4.17 (2H, q, J=7.3, CH ₂CH₃), 4.57, 4.95, 5.14 (6H, 3×s, 3×CH ₂), 7.11 (2H, d, J=8.6, H-2^(/) & H-6^(/)), 7.81 (1H, d, J=7.3, H-7), 8.05 (3H, m, H-6, H-3^(/), H-5^(/)), 8.2 (1H, br, H-4), 9.1 (2H, br, 2×NH; MS (ESI⁺): 519 (M⁺+Na), 496 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 17b (4-{2-[5-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid

Aqueous 0.1N NaOH (11.4 ml; 1.14 mmol) was added to a solution of the compound of example 17a (0.375 g; 0.756 mmol) in MeOH (10 ml), The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min., acidified with AcOH and concentrated. The crude title compound obtained was filtered, washed with cold water and dried under vacuum. Yield, 140 mg.

EXAMPLE 18 (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 16 using the procedure described in example 6. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH—CHCl₃). Crystallization was carried out using hot EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. Yield, 40%; mp, 184-86° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 538 (M⁺+Na⁺), 516 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₈H₂₅N₃O₇, 0.5H₂O requires C, 64.12; H, 4.96; N, 8.02; found: C, 64.36; H, 4.92; N, 8.18%.

EXAMPLE 19 (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester, monohydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 16 using the procedure described in example 6. Isobutyl chloroformate was used instead of methyl chloroformate. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN in CHCl₃). Crystallization was carried out using CHCl₃—PE 60-80° C. Yield, 29%; mp, 162-63° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 580 (M⁺+Na⁺), 558 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₃₁H₃₁N₃O₇, H₂O requires C, 65.95; H, 5.65; N, 7.42; found, C, 65.94; H, 5.64; N, 7.59%.

EXAMPLE 20 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethoxycarbonyl methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; acetic acid salt, hydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 20i using the procedure described in example 1. Ethanol was used instead of methanol. mp, 168-69° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 520 (M⁺+Na); analysis: C₂₇H₃₁N₃O₁₀, H₂O requires C, 56.35; H, 5.74; N, 7.3; found: C, 56.29; H, 5.40; N, 6.97%.

EXAMPLE 20a (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Ethyl 2-bromoacetate (36.5 ml; 165 mmol) was added slowly with stirring at room temperature over a period of 1.5 to a mixture of catechol (16.5 g; 150 mmol) and anhydrous K₂CO₃ (55 g) in dry DMF (150 ml). The reaction mixture was poured over crushed ice and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 38.07 g (90%), oil; analysis: C₁₄H₁₈O₆ requires C, 59.57; H, 6.43; found: C, 59.48; H, 6.34%.

EXAMPLE 20b (4-Acetyl-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Perchloric acid (70% aq.; 1.0 ml) was added slowly to freshly distilled Ac₂O (25 ml) at 0° C. The compound of example 20a (31.8 g; 125 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (13 ml) was added drop wise at 10-15° C. The reaction mixture was heated on steam bath for 1 h, concentrated, poured over crushed ice and NaHCO₃ (˜25 g) and extracted with ether. The ether layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in CHCl₃) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 24.6 g (61.5%), semisolid; analysis: C₁₆H₂₀O₇: requires C, 59.25; H, 6.22; found: C, 59.57; H, 6.28%.

EXAMPLE 20c (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Bromine (4.25 ml; 85 mmol) in AcOH: CHCl₃ (1:1; 10 ml) was added to a vigorously stirred solution of the compound of example 20b (25.92 g; 80 mmol) in AcOH:CHCl₃ (1:1; 110 ml) at 55-60° C. for 15 min. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. and poured over crushed ice and NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 19.34 g, (60%); mp, 84-85° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); analysis: C₁₆H₁₉O₇Br: requires C, 47.66; H, 4.75; Br, 19.82; found: C, 48.08; H, 4.82; Br, 19.40%.

EXAMPLE 20d (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester EXAMPLE 20e (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-carboxymethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid

The compound of example 20d (oil) and the compound of example 20e were obtained from the compound of example 20c using the procedure described in example 16a. Yield, (40%); MS (ESI⁺): 462 (M⁺+Na); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.30, (6H, m, 2×CH₂CH ₃), 1.46 [9H, s, C(CH ₃)₃], 4.26 (4H, q, J=7.3, 2×CH ₂CH₃), 4.60 (2H, d, J=5.0, NHCH ₂), 4.77, 4.81 (4H, 2×s, 2×OCH ₂), 5.53 (1H, br, NH), 6.86 (1H, d, J=8.2, H-6), 7.50 (1H, d, J=1.8, H-3), 7.57 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 1.8, H-5). The acid compound of example 20e was obtained as a solid. Yield, (50%).

EXAMPLE 20f (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 20d using the procedure described in example 5b. Solvent of crystallization: MeOH-ether. Yield, 75%.

EXAMPLE 20g (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 20e using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN—CHCl₃). Yield, 22%; mp, 120-21° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 503 (M⁺+Na); analysis: C₂₂H₂₀N₂O₅, 0.25H₂O requires C, 66.51; H, 5.03; N, 7.05; found: C, 66.94; H, 5.14; N. 7.14%.

EXAMPLE 20h (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-iso indol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 20g using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 75%; mp, 169-70° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 537 M⁺+Na); analysis: C₂₅H₂₆N₂O₈S requires C, 58.36; H, 5.09; N, 5.44; S, 6.23; found: C, 58.52; H, 5.08; N, 5.11; S, 6.62%.

EXAMPLE 20i (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 20h using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 79%, yellow solid; mp, 168-69° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 551 (M⁺+Na); analysis; C₂₆H₂₉N₂O₈SI requires C, 47.56; H, 4.42; N, 4.27; S, 4.88; I, 19.36; found C, 47.72; H, 4.49; N, 4.56; S, 4.69; I, 19.54%.

EXAMPLE 21 (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 20i using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 52%; mp, 163-64° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 536 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₇N₃O₉, requires C, 58.48; H, 5.30; N, 8.18; found, C, 58.16; H, 5.19; N, 8.08%.

EXAMPLE 22 (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(imino-{3-methyl-butyrylamino}-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 20 using the procedure described in example 6. Isobutyl chloroformate was used instead of methyl chloroformate. Yield, 24%. mp, 204-05° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 598 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₃₀H₃₅N₃O₁₀, requires C, 60.29; H, 5.90; N, 7.03; found, C, 60.70; H, 6.28; N, 6.96%.

EXAMPLE 23 (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-1-hydroxyimino-ethyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

A mixture of the compound of example 20g (0.14 g; 0.3 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.07 g; 1.11 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (0.053 g; 0.51 mmol) in ethanol (0.5 ml) and water (1.5 ml) was refluxed in an atmosphere of nitrogen for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated and treated with water to obtain the title compound as a white solid which was filtered, washed with cold water and dried. Yield, 0.051 g (32.2%); mp, 181-82° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 551 (M⁺+Na⁺); analysis: C₂₅H₂₈N₄O₉, requires C, 56.81; H, 5.34; N, 10.60; found C, 56.33; H, 5.25; N, 10.16%

EXAMPLE 24 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-isobutoxy carbonyl methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 24e using the procedure described in example 1. Isobutanol was used instead of methanol. Yield, 10%; mp, 95-96° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 554 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₉H₃₆IN₃O₈, requires C, 51.11; H, 5.32; N, 6.17; found: C, 51.42; H, 5.51; N, 6.05%.

EXAMPLE 24a (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-isobutoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester

The title compound (oil) was obtained from the compound of example 20e using the procedure described in example 5a. Isobutanol was used instead of propane-2-ol together with 2.2 equivalents of DCC. Yield, (54%); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 0.91, 0.95 [12H, 2×d, J=8.5, 2×CH(CH ₃)₂], 1.46 (9H, s, C(CH ₃)₃], 1.94 (2H, m, 2×CH₂CHM₂), 3.97 (4H, d, J=6.7, CH ₂CHMe₂), 4.56 (2H, d, J=4.5, NHCH ₂), 4.80, 4.83 (4H, 2×s, 2×OCH ₂), 5.51 (1H, br, NH), 6.86 (1H, d, J=8.2, H-6), 7.50 (1H, d, J=2.0, H-3), 7.59 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.0, H-5).

EXAMPLE 24b (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-isobutoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 24a using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 95%.

EXAMPLE 24c (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-isobutoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 24b using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN—CHCl₃). Yield, 21%; mp, 140-41° C.; MS (EI): 536 (M⁺); analysis: C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₈, requires C, 64.91; H, 6.01; N, 5.22; found: C, 65.15; H, 6.06; N, 4.95%.

EXAMPLE 24d (2-Isobutoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 24c using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 68%; mp, 175-76° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 593 (M⁺+Na); analysis: C₂₉H₃₄N₂O₈S requires C, 61.04; H, 6.01; N, 4.91; S, 5.62; found: C, 60.84; H, 5.74; N, 4.87; S, 5.40%.

EXAMPLE 24e (2-Isobutoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 24d using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 87%, yellow solid; MS (ESI⁺): 608 (M⁺+Na).

EXAMPLE 25 2-(4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-NN-diethyl-acetamide, acetic acid salt

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 25e using the procedure described in example 1. Yield, 30%; mp, 194-95° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 423 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₃₀N₄O₆ requires: C, 62.23; H, 6.27; N, 11.61; found: C, 62.49; H, 6.18; N, 11.19%.

EXAMPLE 25a (2-{4-Diethylcarbamoylmethoxy-phenyl}-2-oxo-ethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

Isobutyl chloroformate (0.84 ml; 6.5 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-methyl-morpholine (0.72 ml; 6.5 mmol) and the compound of example 1f (2.0 g; 6.5 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) at −25° C., followed by the addition of diethyl amine (0.88 ml; 8.45 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min., poured into a 10% aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with brine, concentrated and crystallized using EtOAc-PE60-80° C. to obtain the title compound. Yield, 1.95 g (82%); mp, 100-01° C.; MS (EI): 364 (M⁺), 291, 234 (100%); analysis: C₁₉H₂₈N₂O₅ requires C, 62.62; H, 7.74; N, 7.69; found: C, 62.43; H, 7.60; N, 7.25%.

EXAMPLE 25b 2-(4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-phenoxy)-N,N diethyl-acetamide, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 25a using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 95%; mp, 83-84° C.; MS (ESI): 265 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 25c 2-(4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy-N,N-diethylacetamide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 25b using the procedure described in example 1g. Yield, 25%; mp, 139-40° C.; MS (EI): 405 (M⁺); analysis, C₂₃H₂₃N₃O₄ requires, C, 68.13; H, 5.72, N, 10.36; found: C, 68.48; H, 5.86; N, 10.34%.

EXAMPLE 25d N,N-Diethyl-2-(4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetamide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 25c using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN+0.5% MeOH in CHCl₃). Yield, 75%, yellow solid; mp, 191-192° C.; MS (ESP): 462 (M⁺+Na), analysis: C₂₃H₂₅N₂O₄S requires C, 62.45; H, 5.73, N, 9.56, S, 7.29; found: C, 62.22; H, 5.59; N, 9.31; S, 7.01%.

EXAMPLE 25e 2-(2-{4-Diethylcarbamoylmethoxy-phenyl}-2-oxo-ethyl)-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-carboximidothioic acid methyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 25d using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 89%; MS (ESI⁻): 452 (M⁺−1).

EXAMPLE 26 4-(2-{4-[2-(5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetyl]-phenoxy}-acetoxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester, sesquihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 26e using the procedure described in example 1. Propane-2-ol was used instead of methanol. Yield, 28%, white solid; mp, 180-81° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 585 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₃₄H₃₆N₄O₉ 2.5H₂O requires: C, 59.21; H, 5.22; N, 8.12; found: C, 58.85; H, 5.23; N, 7.96.

EXAMPLE 26a 4-(2-{4-[2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl]-phenoxy}-acetoxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester

The compound of example 1f was treated with 4-hydroxy-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester in the presence of DCC as described in the procedure of example 5a to obtain the title compound. The crude material was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 73%; analysis: C₂₈H₃₄N₂O₈ requires: C, 63.87; H, 6.51; N, 5.32; found: C, 64.13; H, 6.78; N, 5.02%.

EXAMPLE 26b 4-(2-{4-[2-Amino-acetyl]-phenoxy}-acetoxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 26a using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 80%.

EXAMPLE 26c 4-(2-{4-[2-(5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetyl]-phenoxy}-acetoxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 26b using the procedure described in example 1g. Yield, 20%; mp, 94-95° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 566 (M−1); analysis: C₃₂H₂₉N₃O₇ requires: C, 67.72; H, 5.15; N, 7.40; found: C, 67.72; H, 5.25; N, 7.06%.

EXAMPLE 26d 4-(2-{4-[2-(1-Oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetyl]-phenoxy}-acetoxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 26c using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 57%; mp, 97-98° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 624 (M⁺+Na), 602 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₃₂H₃₁N₃O₇S requires: C, 63.88; H, 5.19; N, 6.98; S, 5.33; found: C, 63.58; H, 5.14; N, 6.78; S, 5.57%.

EXAMPLE 26e 4-(2-{4-[2-(5-Methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)acetyl]-phenoxy}-acetoxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound (yellow solid) was obtained from the compound of example 26d using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 98%; MS (ESI⁺): 638 (M⁺+Na), 616 (M⁺+1); ¹H NMR (CDCI₃): 1.64, 1.89 (4H, 2×m), 3.14 (3H, s, SCH ₃), 3.33, 3.67 (4H, 2×m), 4.68, 4.73, 5.05 (6H, 3×s, 3×CH₂), 5.10-5.18 (3H, m, CH ₂ & COOCH—), 6.99 (2H, d, J=8.6, H-2^(/) & H-6^(/)), 7.36 (5H, br, CH₂PhH), 8.0 (4H, m, H-6, H-7, H-3^(/) & H-5^(/)), 8.3 (1H, s, H-4).

EXAMPLE 27 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(4-{2-[5-carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-butyric acid ethyl ester, acetic acid salt

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 27j using the procedure described in example 1. Ethanol was used instead of methanol. Yield, 38%, white solid; mp, 164-65° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 573 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₃₃H₃₆N₄O₉ requires C, 62.36; H, 5.70; N, 8.86; found: C, 61.91; H, 5.68; N, 9.20%.

EXAMPLE 27a 2-Amino-1-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-ethanone, hydrochloride

Hexamine (5.6 g; 40 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-2-bromo-ethanone (12.2 g; 40 mmol) in chloroform (80 ml), and stirred for 3 h. Dry ether (80 ml) was added and the solid that separated was filtered, washed with ether, dried then suspended in methanol (100 ml) and con. HCl (20 ml) and allowed to stir for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and treated with water (20 ml). The solid obtained was filtered, washed with cold water (2×10 ml) and dried to obtain the title compound. Yield, 10 g (89.9%); mp, 228-29° C.; MS (EI): 241, 211, 91; analysis: C₁₅H₁₆ClNO₂ requires: C, 64.87; H, 5.81; N, 5.04; found: C, 64.86; H, 6.11; N, 5.16%.

EXAMPLE 27b (2-{4-Benzyloxy-phenyl}-2-oxo-ethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

The compound of example 27a (8.33 g; 30 mmol) was dissolved in water (100 ml) and dioxane (100 ml), cooled to 0° C. with stirring, and treated with NaHCO₃ (5.2 g; 65 mmol) and (Boc)₂O (7.2 g; 33 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, subsequently at room temperature for 1 h and then concentrated. The residue was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to obtain the title compound which was then crystallized from EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. Yield, 9.5 g (92.8%); mp 75-76° C.; MS (EI): 341 (M⁺), 285, 268, 211, 91; analysis: C₂₀H₂₃INO₄ requires: C, 70.36; H, 6.79; N, 4.10; found: C, 70.49; H, 7.22; N, 4.23%.

EXAMPLE 27c (2-{4-Hydroxy-phenyl}-2-oxo-ethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

The compound of example 27b (6.0 g; 17.6 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (60 ml) and hydrogenated using 10% Pd—C (50 mg) at 40 psi for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 2.6 g (59%); mp, 183-85° C.; MS (CI): 252 (M⁺+1), 196, 178, 152; analysis: C₁₃H₁₇NO₄ requires: C, 62.14; H, 6.82; N, 5.57; found: C, 62.23; H, 6.44; N, 5.57%.

Another polar compound was also isolated and characterized as (2-Hydroxy-{2-[4-hydroxy-phenyl]}-ethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. Yield, 1.5 g (25%); mp, 145-46° C.; analysis: C₁₃H₁₉NO₄ requires: C, 61.64; H, 7.56; N, 5.53; found: C, 62.04; H, 7.91; N, 5.57%.

EXAMPLE 27d 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2S-hydroxy butyric acid ethyl ester

Freshly distilled thionyl chloride (5 ml) was added drop wise over a period of 15 min with stirring to a solution of 4-Amino-2S-hydroxy-butyric acid (5 g, 42 mmol) in EtOH (100 ml) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred overnight (16 h). It was concentrated under vacuum to remove all traces of thionyl chloride, treated with water (100 ml), dichloromethane (50 ml) and chilled to 0° C. NaHCO₃ (17.5 g) was added with stirring, followed by the addition of a solution of 50% benzyl chloroformate in toluene (14.3 ml). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 1 h at 0° C. and subsequently at room temperature for 30 min. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and. purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN in CHCl₃) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 7.7 g (65.3%), oil; MS (EI): 281 (M⁺), 238, 235, 208, 174; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.29 (3H, t, J=7.5, CH₂CH ₃), 1.86, 2.06 [2H, 2×m, CH ₂CH(OH)], 3.18 (1H, d, J=6.4 OH), 3.4 (2H, m, NHCH ₂), 4.22 (2H, q, J=7.7, CH ₂CH₃), 5.12 (2H, s, CH ₂Ph), 5.18 [1H, m, CH(OH)], 7.3-7.42 (5H, br, PhH).

EXAMPLE 27e 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2(S)-methanesulfonyloxy-butyric acid ethyl ester

Methanesulfonyl chloride (2.79 ml; 36 mmol) was added drop wise with stirring to a solution of the compound of example 27d (8.4 g; 30 mmol) in dichloromethane (90 ml) and pyridine (3.7 ml; 45.98 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and subsequently at room temperature overnight (16 h). It was processed as is routinely done and was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 6.6 g (61.3%); MS (CI): 360 (M⁺+1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.30 (3H, t, J=7.3, CH₂CH ₃), 2.28 (2H, 2×m, NHCH₂CH ₂), 3.18 (3H, s, SO₂CH ₃), 3.15, 3.35 (2H, 2×m, NHCH ₂), 4.25 (2H, q, J=7.3, CH ₂CH₃), 5.1 (2H, s, CH ₂Ph), 5.18 [1H, m, CH(OSO₂Me)], 7.3-7.4 (5H, br, PhH).

EXAMPLE 27f 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2(S)-(4-{2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-phenoxy)butyric acid ethyl ester

A mixture of compound of example 27c (4.0 g; 16 mmol), compound of example 27e (6.4 g; 18 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (4.5 g) in DMF (30 ml) was stirred at 65° C. for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and acidified with 2N HCl (20 ml). It was processed as is routinely done and was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 8% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 5.6 g (68%), oil; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.23 (3H, t, J=7.6, CH₂CH ₃), 1.5 [9H, s, C (CH ₃)₃], 2.25 (2H, m, NHCH₂CH ₂), 3.45 (2H, 2×m, NHCH ₂CH₂), 4.22 (2H, q, J=7.6, CH ₂CH₃), 4.58 (2H, d, J=5.5, NHCH ₂), 4.80 (1H, t, J=5.5 NHCH₂CH₂), 5.1 (2H, s, CH2Ph), 5.55 (1H, br, NHCH₂CO), 6.89 (2H, d, J=8.0, H-3 & H-5), 7.3-7.4 (5H, br, PhH). 7.92 (2H, d, J=8.0 H-2 & H-6).

EXAMPLE 27g 2-(4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-phenoxy)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-butyric acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 27f using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 90%; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD): 1.28 (3H, t, J=7.3, CH₂CH ₃), 2.22 (2H, m, NHCH₂CH ₂), 3.40 (2H, 2×m, NHCH ₂CH₂), 4.25 (2H, q, J=7.3, CH ₂CH₃), 4.58 (2H, d, J=5.5, NHCH ₂), 5.03 (1H, m, —CHCOO), 5.10 (2H, s, CH ₂Ph), 7.08 (2H, d, J=9.0, H-3 & H-5), 7.3-7.8 (5H, br, PhH) 8.05 (2H, d, J=8.0, H-2 & H-6).

EXAMPLE 27h 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(4-{2-[5-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-butyric acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 27g using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 12%; mp, 152-54° C. (CHCl₃—PE 60-80° C.); analysis: C₃₁H₂₉N₃O₇ requires C, 67.03; H, 5.22; N, 7.57; found C, 66.83; H, 5.24; N, 7.52%.

EXAMPLE 27i 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-{4-[2-(1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetyl]-phenoxy}-butyric acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 27h using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN, 2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 93%; mp, 80-81° C.: MS (ESI⁻): 588 (M−1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.25 (3H, t, J=8.8, CH₂CH ₃), 2.24 (2H, m, NHCH₂CH ₂), 3.44 (2H, 2×m, NHCH ₂CH₂), 4.22 (2H, q, J=8.8, CH ₂CH₃), 4.58, 5.02, 5.18 (6H, 3×s, 3×CH ₂), 4.80 (1H, t, NHCH₂), 5.04 (1H, m, —CHCOO), 6.94 (2H, d, J=8.8, H-2^(/) & H-6^(/)), 7.35 (5H, br, PhH), 7.50 (1H, br, CSNH ₂), 7.75-7.78 (3H, m, CSNH ₂, H-6 & H-7), 7.95 (2H, m, H-3^(/) & H-5^(/)), 8.01 (1H, br, H-4).

EXAMPLE 27j 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-butyric acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 27i using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 95%.

EXAMPLE 28 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-butyric acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 27j using the procedure described in example 4. Purification was effected using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 75%; mp, 174-75° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 611 (M⁺+Na), 589 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₃₁H₃₂N₄O₈ requires C, 63.26; H, 5.44; N, 9.52; found: C, 62.78; H, 5.28; N, 9.25%.

EXAMPLE 29 (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 29g using the procedure described in example 4. Purification was effected using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 24% (white solid); mp, 193-94° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 435 (M⁺+Na), 414 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₀H₁₉N₃O₅ requires C, 58.10; H, 4.63; N, 10.16; S, 7.75; found: C, 58.50; H, 4.67; N, 10.22; S, 7.66%.

EXAMPLE 29a (4-Acetyl-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

A mixture of 1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethanone (40 g, 201 mmol), methyloxycarbonyl methanthiolate copper (I) (40.68 g; 241 mmol), quinoline (173 ml) and pyridine (13.6 ml) was heated at 180° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was poured over crushed ice, acidified with conc. HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 20 g (44%), oil; MS (EI): 224 (M⁺), 209; analysis: C₁₁H₁₂O₃S, 0.5H₂O requires C, 56.65; H, 5.57; found: C, 57.10; H, 5.35%.

EXAMPLE 29b (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 29a using the procedure described in example 20c. Yield, 82%; mp, 113-14° C.; MS (EI): (302,304) (M⁺), 209; analysis: C₁₁H₁₁BrO₃S requires C, 43.56; H, 3.63; S, 10.56; Br, 26.40; found: C, 43.48; H, 3.67; S, 10.82; Br, 27.82%.

EXAMPLE 29c (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 29b using the procedure described in example 27a-b. Yield, 44%, light yellow gum; MS (ESI⁺): 362 (M⁺+Na), 340 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₆H₂₁NO₅S requires C, 56.62; H, 6.24; N, 4.13; S, 9.45; found: C, 56.40; H, 6.28; N, 4.44; S, 9.88%.

EXAMPLE 29d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid methyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 29c using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield 93%; IR (KBr): 3365, 3000, 1760, 1690, 1600; MS (ESI⁺): 240 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 29e (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 29d using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3-10% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 17%; mp, 206-07° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 403 (M⁺+Na), 381 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₀H₁₆N₂O₄S requires C, 63.15; H, 4.24, N, 7.36; S, 8.43; found: C, 63.07; H, 4.18; N, 7.36; S, 8.84%.

EXAMPLE 29f (4-{2-[1-Oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid methyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 29e using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 70%; mp, 214-15° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 413 (M−1); analysis: C₂₀H₁₈N₂O₄S requires C, 57.96; H, 4.38, N, 6.76, S, 15.47; found: C, 58.14; H, 4.22; N, 6.67; S, 15.61%.

EXAMPLE 29g (4-{2-[5-Methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid methyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 29f using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 85%, yellow solid.

EXAMPLE 30 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-chloro-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid salt

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 30h using the procedure described in example 1. Yield, 43%, white solid; mp, 172-73° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 452 (M⁺+Na), 430 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₄ClN₃O₇, 0.5H₂O; requires C, 55.37; H, 5.01; N, 8.42; Cl, 7.11; found, C, 55.38; H, 4.88; N, 8.18; Cl, 7.46%.

EXAMPLE 30a (2-Chloro-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was prepared by reacting 2-chloro-phenol, with ethyl 2-bromoacetate and K₂CO₃ in DMF. Yield, 97%, colourless oil; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.29 (3H, t, J=6.3, CH₂CH ₃), 4.29 (2H, q, J=6.3, CH ₂CH₃), 4.72 (2H, s, OCH ₂), 6.76 (1H, d, J=8.2, H-6), 6.95 (1H, m, H-4), 7.20 (1H, m, H-5), 7.40 (1H, dd, J=8.2, H-3).

EXAMPLE 30b (4-Acetyl-2-chloro-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 30a using the procedure described in example 20b. Yield, 10%. Crude product was purified by flash chromatography with 20% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C. mp, 70-71° C.; MS (EI): 256 (M⁺), 241, 213 155; analysis: C₁₂H₁₃ClO₄ requires C, 56.15; H, 5.07; Cl, 13.82; found, C, 56.24; H, 5.10; Cl, 13.67%.

EXAMPLE 30c (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2-chloro-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 30b using the procedure described in example 20c. Purification was effected using flash chromatography (silica gel, 40% EtOAc in PE60-80° C.). Yield, 46%; mp, 128-30° C.; MS (EI): (334,336) (M⁺), 241; analysis: C₁₂H₁₂BrClO₄ requires C, 42.95; H, 3.60; found, C, 42.69; H, 3.45%.

EXAMPLE 30d (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-chloro-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 30c using the procedure described in example 20d. Yield, 20%; mp, 75-76° C.; MS (EI): 371 (M), 241; analysis: C₁₇H₂₂ClNO₆ requires C, 54.91; H, 5.92; N, 3.77; Cl, 9.54; found, C, 55.37; H, 6.00; N, 3.72; Cl, 9.94%.

EXAMPLE 30e (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-chloro-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 30d using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 78%; mp, 163-64° C.; MS (EI): 271 (M⁺), 241; analysis: C₁₂H₁₃Cl₂NO₄ requires C, 46.77; H, 4.87; N, 4.55; Cl, 23.03; found, C, 47.12; H, 4.97; N, 4.36; Cl, 22.67%.

EXAMPLE 30f (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 30e using the procedure described in example 1g. Yield, 11%, white solid; mp, 178-80° C.; MS (EI): 412 (M⁺), 241; analysis: C₂₁H₁₇ClN₂O₅ requires C, 61.10; H, 4.15; N, 6.74; Cl, 8.59; found, C, 60.90; H, 4.23; N, 6.59; Cl, 8.60%.

EXAMPLE 30g (2-Chloro-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 30F using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 86%, yellow solid; mp, 85-87° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 468 (M⁺+Na), 446 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₁₉ClN₂O₅S requires C, 56.44; H, 4.29; N, 6.22; Cl, 7.93; S, 7.17; found, C, 56.01; H, 4.30; N, 6.01; Cl, 7.80; S, 7.60%.

EXAMPLE 30h (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 30g using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 91%, yellow solid; mp, 155° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 468 (M⁺+Na), 461 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 31 (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 30 using the procedure described in example 6 Isobutyl chloroformate was used instead of methyl chloroformate. Yield, 42%, white solid; mp, 178-79° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 552 (M⁺+Na), 530 (M⁺1); analysis: C₂₆H₂₈ClN₃O₇ requires C, 58.93; H, 5.19; N, 7.93; Cl, 6.70; found, C, 59.37; H, 5.35; N, 7.98; Cl, 6.39%.

EXAMPLE 32 (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 30h using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 71%, white solid; mp, 201-02° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 468 (M₊+Na), 446 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₀ClN₃O₆ requires C, 56.57; H, 4.50; N, 9.43; Cl, 7.96; found, C, 56.53; H, 4.43; N, 9.11; Cl, 8.04%.

EXAMPLE 33 (4-{2-[5Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethyl sulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid salt, monohydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 33h using the procedure described in example 1. Yield, 24%, white solid; mp, 185-86° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 478 (M⁺+Na), 456 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₉N₃O₇S, H₂O requires C, 56.27; H, 5.67; N, 7.88; S, 6.01; found: C, 56.26; H, 5.58; N, 8.20; S, 6.38%.

EXAMPLE 33a 1-(3-Ethylsulfanyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone

The title compound was obtained from 1-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone using the procedure described in example 29a. 1-Ethanethiolate Cu (I) was used instead of methyloxycarbonylmethanthiolate copper(I). It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% EtOAc-PE60-80° C. Yield, 57%, brownish white solid; mp, 88° C.; MS (EI): 196 (M⁺), 181 (100%); analysis: C₁₀H₁₂O₂S requires C, 61.22; H, 6.12; S, 16.32; found C, 61.54; H, 6.35; S, 16.28%.

EXAMPLE 33b (4-Acetyl-2-ethylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 33a using the procedure described in example 20a. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 89%, white solid; mp, 64-65° C.; MS (ESI): 305 (M⁺+Na), 283 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₄H₁₈O₄S requires C, 59.57; H, 6.38; S, 11.35; found C, 59.86; H, 6.49; S, 11.47%.

EXAMPLE 33c (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2-ethylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 33b using the procedure described in example 20c. Yield, 45%, white solid; mp, 84° C.; MS (EI): (360,362) (M⁺), 267 (100%); analysis: C₁₄H₁₇BrO₄S requires C, 46.54; H, 4.71; Br, 22.16; S, 8.86; found: C, 46.90; H, 4.84; Br, 21.87; S, 9.31%

EXAMPLE 33d (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-ethylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 33c using the procedure described in example 20d. Yield, 29%, white solid; mp, 83° C.; MS (EI): 397 (M⁺), 267 (100%), 253; analysis: C₁₉H₂₇NO₆S requires C, 57.43; H, 6.80; N, 3.53; S, 8.06; found: C, 57.36; H, 6.80; N, 3.34; S, 8.15%.

EXAMPLE 33e (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-ethylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 33d using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 96%; MS (ESI): 298 (M⁺+1); ¹H NMR (DMSO-D₆): 1.35 (6H, t, J=7.32, 2×CH₂CH ₃), 3.00 (2H, q, J=7.32, SCH ₂CH₃), 4.29 (2H, q, J=7.3, CH ₂CH₃), 4.65 (2H, d, CH ₂NH), 4.80 (2H, s, OCH ₂), 6.75 (1H, d, J=9.14, H-5), 7.30 (3H, br, NH ₃), 7.75 (1H, dd, J=9.14, H-6), 7.90 (1H, br, H-2).

EXAMPLE 33f (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 33e using the procedure described in example 1g. Yield, 8%; mp, 157-60° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 437 (M−1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₂N₂O₅S requires C, 63.01; H, 5.02; N, 6.39; S, 7.31; found: C, 63.26; H, 4.64; N, 6.49; S, 7.64%.

EXAMPLE 33g (2-Ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 33f using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 83%; mp, 178-79° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 495 (M⁺+Na), 473 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₄N₂O₅S₂ requires C, 58.46; H, 5.12; N, 5.93; S, 13.57; found: C, 58.40; H, 5.17; N, 5.99; S, 13.62%.

EXAMPLE 33h (2Ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 33g using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 91%; mp, 182-83° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 508 (M⁺+Na), 487 (M⁺+1);

EXAMPLE 34 (2-Ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[5-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 33h using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 85%, white solid; mp, 190-91° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 494 (M⁺+Na), 472 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₅N₃O₆S, 0.5H₂O, requires C, 57.50; H, 5.42; N, 8.75; S, 6.66; found: C, 57.88; H, 5.32; N, 9.10; S, 6.71%.

EXAMPLE 35 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethane sulfonyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; acetic acid salt, hydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 35e using the procedure described in example 1. Yield, 26% (white solid); mp, 174-75° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 488 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₉N₃O₉S, H₂O, requires C, 53.10; H, 5.49; N, 7.43; S, 5.75; found: C, 52.40; H, 5.36; N, 7.08; S, 5.68%.

EXAMPLE 35a (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-ethanesulfonyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

A mixture of compound of example 33d (2.2 g; 5.54 mmol) and 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (2.87 g; 16.62 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml) was stirred at room temperature until all the starting material was consumed. It was processed as is routinely done and was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, with 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 2 g (84%), foam; MS (ESI⁺): 430 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₉H₂₇NO₈S, requires C, 58.14; H, 6.34; N, 3.26; S, 7.46; found: C, 58.51; H, 6.32; N, 3.25; S, 7.40%.

EXAMPLE 35b (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-ethanesulfonyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 35a using the procedure described in example 5b Yield, 99%, pale yellow gum; MS (ESI⁺): 330 (M⁺+1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.30 (6H, t, J=7.32, 2×CH₂CH ₃), 3.50 (2H, q, J=7.32, SOCH ₂CH₃), 4.29 (2H, q, J=7.3, OCH ₂CH₃), 4.60 (2H, d, NHCH ₂), 4.90 (2H, s, OCH ₂), 5.50 (1H, br, NHCH₂), 7.01 (1H, d, J=9.14, H-6), 8.21 (1H, dd, J=9.14, H-5), 8.60 (1H, br, H-3).

EXAMPLE 35c (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethanesulfonyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 35b using the procedure described in example 1g. Yield, 7%; mp, 194-95° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 469 (M−1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₂N₂O₇S requires C, 58.72; H, 4.68; N, 5.96; S, 6.81; found: C, 58.97; H, 4.64; N, 5.72; S, 6.95%.

EXAMPLE 35d (2-Ethanesulfonyl-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 35c using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 69%, yellow solid; mp, 117-18° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 527 (M⁺+Na), 505 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₄N₂O₇S₂, H₂O requires C, 52.87; H, 4.98; N, 5.36; S, 12.26; found: C, 52.61; H, 4.61; N, 5.35; S, 12.35%.

EXAMPLE 35e (2-Ethanesulfonyl-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-4-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 35d using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 89%, yellow solid; mp, 198-200° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 541 (M⁺+Na), 519 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 36 (2-Ethanesulfonyl-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 35e using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 70%, white solid; mp, 196-97° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 526 (M⁺+Na), 504 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₅N₃O₈S requires C, 54.87; H, 4.97; N, 8.35; S, 6.36; found: C, 54.57; H, 4.84; N, 8.05; S, 6.66%.

EXAMPLE 37 (2,6-Bis-ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 37h using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 37%; mp, 183-84° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 554 (M⁺+Na), 532 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₉N₃O₆S₂ requires C, 56.50; H, 5.46; N, 7.90; S, 12.05; found C, 56.90; H, 5.46; N, 8.01; S, 12.30%.

EXAMPLE 37a 1-(3,5-Bis-ethylsulfanyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone

Following the procedure for the preparation of example 29a, 1-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone was treated with 1-ethanethiolate Cu(I) in place of methyloxycarbonylmethanthiolate copper (1) to obtain 37a. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography with 10% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C. Yield, 16%; mp, 74-75° C.; MS (EI): 256 (M⁺), 241, 213; analysis: C₁₂H₁₆O₂S₂ requires C, 56.25; H, 6.25; S, 25.00; found C, 56.63; H, 6.47; S, 25.39%.

EXAMPLE 37b (4-Acetyl-2,6-bis-ethylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 37a using the procedure described in example 20a. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 80%, pale yellow liquid; MS (CI): 371 (M⁺+29), 343 M⁺+1), 329; analysis: C₁₆H₂₂O₄S₂ requires C, 56.12; H, 6.47; S, 18.72; found C, 56.36; H, 6.42; S, 18.69%.

EXAMPLE 37c (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2,6-bis-ethylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 37b using the procedure described in example 20c. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 80%, brown gum; MS (EI): (422, 420) (M⁺), (319, 317); analysis: C₁₆H₂₁BrO₄S₂ requires C, 45.61; H, 5.02; Br, 18.96; S, 15.22; found C, 45.21; H, 4.98; Br, 18.60; S, 15.09%.

EXAMPLE 37d (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2,6-bis-ethylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 37c using the procedure described in example 27a-b. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 48%, pale yellow oil; MS (EI): 457 (M⁺), 425, 398; analysis: C₂₁H₃₁NO₆S₂ requires C, 55.12; H, 6.83; N, 3.06; S, 14.01; found C, 54.93; H, 6.49; N, 2.98; S, 13.80%.

EXAMPLE 37e (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2,6-bis-ethylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 37d using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 72%, yellow semisolid; MS (ESI): 358 (M++1); analysis: C₁₆H₂₄ClNO₄S₂ requires C, 48.78; H, 6.14; N, 3.56; Cl, 9.00; S, 16.28; found C, 48.42; H, 6.05; N, 3.10; Cl, 8.90; S, 15.95%.

EXAMPLE 37f (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2,6-bis-ethylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 37e using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 6%, white solid; MS (ESI⁻): 521 (M⁺+Na), 499 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₆ClN₂O₅S₂ requires C, 60.22; H, 5.26; N, 5.62; S, 12.86; found C, 60.68; H, 5.20; N, 5.70; S, 12.90%.

EXAMPLE 37g (2,6-Bis-ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 37f using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 51%, yellow solid; mp, 83-84° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 531 (M−1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₈N₂O₅S₃ requires C, 58.37; H, 5.30; N, 5.26; S, 18.06; found C, 58.51; H, 5.40; N, 5.28; S, 18.10%.

EXAMPLE 37h (2,6-Bis-ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 37g using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 98%, yellow solid.

EXAMPLE 38 (2-Acetylamino-4-{2-[5-N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-iso indol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 38h using the procedure described in example 1. Yield, 38%; mp, 185-86° C.; MS (ESI): 491 (M⁺+Na), 469 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₄N₄O₇ requires C, 58.97; H, 5.16; N, 11.96; found: C, 58.85; H, 5.14; N, 11.49%.

EXAMPLE 38a N-(5-Acetyl-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-acetamide

A solution of 1-(4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenyl)-ethanone (10 g) in methanol, DMF (50 ml) and acetic anhydride (10 ml) was hydrogenated using 10% Pd—C (0.45 g) for 2 h at 30 psi. The catalyst was filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated (5 ml) and treated with EtOAc (100 ml) to obtain the title compound, which was filtered, washed with EtOAc (10 ml) and dried. Yield, 9.1 g (85%); mp, >215° C.; MS (EI): 193 (M⁺), 151, 136, 108.

EXAMPLE 38b (4-Acetyl-2-acetylamino-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 38a using the procedure described in example 20a, which was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5-10% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 60%; mp, 113-14° C.; MS (ESI): 302 (M⁺+Na), 280 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₄H₁₇NO₅ requires C, 60.21; H, 6.13; N, 5.02; found: C, 60.42; H, 6.24; N, 5.02%.

EXAMPLE 38c (2-Acetylamino-4-{2-bromo-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 38b using the procedure described in example 20c. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 64%; mp, 124-25° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (ESI): 380 (M⁺+Na), 358 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₄H₁₆BrNO₅ requires C, 46.95; H, 4.50; N, 3.91; Br, 22.31; found: C, 46.84; H, 4.15; N, 3.54; Br, 22.80%.

EXAMPLE 38d (2-Acetylamino-4-{2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 38c using the procedure described in example 20d. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3-10% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 35%, oil; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.30 (3H, t, J=7.5, CH₂CH ₃), 1.45 [9H, s, C(CH ₃)₃], 2.27 (3H, s, NHCOCH ₃), 4.30 (2H, q, J=7.5, CH ₂CH₃), 4.63 (2H, d, J=5.4, COCH ₂NH), 4.74 (2H, s, OCH ₂), 5.5 (1H, br, NHCH₂), 6.97 (1H, d, J=8.8, H-6), 7.69 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 2.0, H-5), 8.20 (1H, br, J=1.8, H-3), 9.00 (1H, br, NH).

EXAMPLE 38e (2-Acetylamino-4-{2-amino-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 38d using the procedure described in example 20e. Yield, 90%

EXAMPLE 38f (2-Acetylamino-4-{2-[5-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 38e using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN in chloroform, 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 16%; mp, 121-22° C.

EXAMPLE 38g (2-Acetylamino-4-{2-[1-oxo-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 38f using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN in chloroform, 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 87%; mp, 110° C.

EXAMPLE 38h (2-Acetylamino 4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 38g using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 99%.

EXAMPLE 39 (2-{Ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino}-4-{2-[5-(imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, monohydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 39l using the procedure described in example 6. Isobutyl chloroformate was used instead of methyl chloroformate. Yield, 63%; mp, 80-82° C.; MS (ESI): 697 (M⁺+Na), 675 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₃₁H₃₈N₄O₁₁S H₂O requires, C, 53.75; H, 5.78; N, 8.09; S, 4.62; found C, 53.97; H, 5.57; N, 7.67; S, 4.14%.

EXAMPLE 39a 1-(4-Benzyloxy-3-nitro-phenyl)-ethanone

1-(4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenyl)-ethanone was treated with benzyl bromide in the presence of K₂CO₃ in DMF, and processed as reported in the synthesis of example 20a to obtain the crude product which was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 94%; mp, 132° C.; MS (CI): 300 (M⁺+29), 272 (M⁺+1), 91; analysis: C₁₅H₁₃NO₄ requires, C, 66.42; H, 4.83; N, 5.16; found; C, 66.58; H, 4.52; N, 5.30%.

EXAMPLE 39b 1-(3-Amino-4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-ethanone

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 39a using a reported procedure (Boruah. R. N., Ind. J. Chem., 33B, 758, 1994). The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 76.9%; mp, 124-25° C.; MS (EI): 241 (M⁺), 150, 91; analysis: C₁₅H₁₅NO₂ requires C, 74.67; H, 6.27; N, 5.80; found: C, 74.89; H, 6.45; N, 5.92%.

EXAMPLE 39c N-(5-Acetyl-2-benzyloxy-phenyl)-methanesulfonamide

Methanesulfonyl chloride (6.08 ml; 78.5 mmol) was added drop wise over a period of 30 min. with vigorous stirring to a mixture of compound of example 39b (15.5 g; 64.32 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 ml) and pyridine (13.78 ml; 165.7 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred overnight (˜16 h). It was acidified using dil. HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 17.5 g (85.3%); mp, 118-19° C.; MS (EI): 319 (M⁺), 240, 91; analysis: C₁₆H₁₇NO₄S requires C, 60.17; H, 5.36; N, 4.39; S, 10.04; found: C, 60.30; H, 5.40; N, 4.44; S, 10.41%.

EXAMPLE 39d N-(5-Acetyl-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-methanesulfonamide

In an atmosphere of nitrogen 10% Pd—C (1.17 g) was added to a mixture of compound of example 39c (11.7 g; 36.67 mmol) and ammonium formate (11.56 g; 116.23 mmol) in methanol (110 mL) It was refluxed for 3 h. The catalyst was filtered and the filtrate concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 8.3 g (84.2%); mp, 202° C.: MS (ESI⁻): 228 (M−1); analysis: C₉H₁₁NO₄S requires C, 47.15; H, 4.84; N, 6.11; S, 13.98; found: C, 47.39; H, 4.72; N, 6.53; S, 13.53%.

EXAMPLE 39e (4-acetyl-2-{ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methansulfonyl-amino}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 39d using the procedure described in example 20a. Yield, 56%; MS (ESI): 424 (M⁺+Na), 402 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₇H₂₃NO₈S requires C, 50.87; H, 5.77; N, 3.49; S, 7.99; found: C, 51.29; H, 6.01; N, 3.08; S, 7.75%.

EXAMPLE 39f (4-{2-Bromoacetyl}-2-{ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methane-sulfonyl-amino}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 39e using the procedure described in example 20c. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5-10% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 60%; MS (ESI): 504 (M⁺+Na), 482 (M⁺+1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.32 (6H, m, 2×CH₂CH ₃), 3.16 (3H, s, SO₂CH ₃), 4.18, 4.27 (4H, 2×q, J=6.8, 2×CH ₂CH₃), 4.42, 4.45, 4.84 (6H, 3×s, 3×CH ₂), 6.90 (1H, d, J=8.8, H-3), 8.03 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 1.8, H-4), 8.27 (1H, d, J=1.8, H-6).

EXAMPLE 39g (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-{ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 39f using the procedure described in example 20d. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 28%; mp, 114-15° C.; MS (ESI): 538 (M⁺+Na).

EXAMPLE 39h (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-{ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 39g using the procedure described in example 20e. Yield, 90%; mp, 187-90° C.; IR (KBr): 2950, 1750, 1600, 1475.

EXAMPLE 39i (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino)-phenoxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 39h using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN in chloroform, 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 20%; mp, 170-71° C.; MS (ESI): 580 (M⁺+Na), 558 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 39j (2-{Ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino}-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 39i using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN in chloroform, 2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 85%; mp, 96° C.; MS (ESI): 614 (M⁺+Na), 592 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₆H₂₉N₃O₉S₂ requires, C, 52.78; H, 4.94; N, 7.10; found C, 52.58; H, 4.72; N, 7.49%.

EXAMPLE 39k (2-{Ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino}-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 39j using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 98%.

EXAMPLE 39l (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-{ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid salt

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 39k using the procedure described in example 1. Yield, 25%; ¹H NMR (DMSO-D₆): 1.18, 1.23 (6H, 2×t, J=7.5, 2×CH₂CH ₃), 1.78 (3H, s, CH ₃COO), 3.14 (3H, s, SO₂CH ₃), 4.10, 4.20 (4H, 2×q, J=6.8, 2×CH ₂CH₃), 4.45, 4.63, 5.11, 5.18 (8H, 4×s, 4×CH ₂), 7.28 (1H, d, J=8.9, H-3^(/)), 7.92 (2H, br), 7.92, 8.08, 8.14 (5H, m).

EXAMPLE 40 (2-{Ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino}-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 39k using the procedure described in example 4. Purification effected using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 45%; mp, 165-67° C.; MS (ESI): 614 (M⁺+Na), 591 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₆H₃₀N₄O₁₀S requires, C, 52.88; H, 5.12; N, 9.49; S, 5.43; found C, 52.53; H, 5.09; N, 9.06; S, 5.72%.

EXAMPLE 41 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid salt

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 41h using the procedure described in example 1. Yield, 40%, white solid; mp, 195-96° C.; MS (ESI): 412 (M⁺+1), analysis: C₂₃H₂₅N₃O₈ requires C, 58.60; H, 5.31; N, 8.92; found: C, 58.87; H, 5.36; N, 8.83%.

EXAMPLE 41a (4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester EXAMPLE 41b (4-acetyl-3-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

1-(2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone was treated with 1 equivalent of ethyl 2-bromoacetate and processed as described in the synthesis of example 20a to obtain the desired title compounds. The crude mixture was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform).

41a: Yield, 57%; mp, 76-78° C.; MS (EI): 238 (M⁺), 223 (100%), 195, 165; analysis: C₁₂H₁₄O₅ requires C, 60.50; H, 5.92; found: C, 60.73; H, 5.89%.

41b: Yield 15.4%; mp, 84-84.5° C.; MS (EI): 324 (M⁺), 309, 253, 223; analysis: C₁₆H₂₀O₇ requires C, 59.25; H, 6.22; found: C, 59.49; H, 6.21%.

EXAMPLE 41c (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained by refluxing the compound of example 41a with CuBr₂ in EtOAc-CHCl₃ (1:1) as reported in the literature (L. C. King et. al. JOC, 1964, 29, 3459). The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform) and crystallisation (EtOAc-PE60-80° C.). Yield, 54%; mp, 107-08° C.; MS (EI): (316, 318) (M⁺), 236, 223 (100%); analysis: C₁₂H₁₃BrO₅ requires C, 45.45; H, 4.15; found: C, 45.69; H, 4.14%.

EXAMPLE 41d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride EXAMPLE 41e (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The compound of example 41c (14.88 g) was converted to the hexamine complex (21.5 g), then hydrolyzed with conc. HCl in EtOH using the procedure described in example 1e. The solvent was removed and the residue was stirred with water (50 ml) and filtered. It was washed with cold water (2×5 ml). and dried to give compound of example 41d. Yield, 3.5 g (25.8%); mp, 189-92° C. (d); analysis: C₁₂H₁₆ClNO₅ requires C, 49.75; H, 5.57; N, 4.83; found: C, 49.44; H, 5.93; N, 5.10%.

The filtrate was treated with di-tert-butyldicarbonate (13 g) using the procedure described in example 16a. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 2% CH₃CN in chloroform) to obtain compound of example 41e. Yield, 8.5 g (51.7%); mp, 46-48° C.; analysis: C₁₇H₂₃NO₇ requires C, 57.78; H, 6.56; N, 3.96; found: C, 58.18; H, 6.67; N, 3.86%.

EXAMPLE 41f (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 41d using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 60%; mp, 193-95° C.; MS (EI): 394 (M⁺), 223 (100%), 195, 171; analysis: C₂₁H₁₉N₂O₆ requires C, 63.96; H, 4.60; N, 7.10; found: C, 63.51; H, 4.57; N, 7.13%.

EXAMPLE 41g (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 41f using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN and 2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 96%, yellow solid; mp, 227-29° C.; MS (ESI): 451 (M⁺+Na), 429 (M⁺+1); C₂₁H₂₀N₂O₆S requires C, 58.88; H, 4.67; N, 6.54; S, 7.48; found: C, 59.14; H, 4.68; N, 6.29; S, 7.75%.

EXAMPLE 41h (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 41g using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 56%, yellow solid; mp, 167° C. (d); MS (ESI): 465 (M⁺+Na), 443 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 42 (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 41h using the procedure described in example 4. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 8% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 75% (white solid); mp, 197-98° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 426 (M−1), analysis: C₂₁H₂₁N₃O₇ requires C, 59.02; H, 4.92; N, 9.84; found: C, 59.33; H, 4.91; N, 9.44%.

EXAMPLE 43 (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 43g using the procedure described in example 4. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 4% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 89%, white solid; mp, 183-84° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 512 (M⁺+Na), 490 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₆H₂₃N₃O₇ requires C, 63.80; H, 4.74; N, 8.58; found: C, 64.47; H, 4.84; N, 8.63%.

EXAMPLE 43a (4-Acetyl-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

1-(2,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone was treated with 1 equivalent of benzyl 2-bromoacetate and processed as described in the synthesis of example 20a to obtain the title compound. The crude was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform) and crystallization was effected using ether-PE 60-80° C. Yield, 75%, white solid; mp, 66-67° C.; MS (EI): 300 (M⁺), 285, 165, 91 (100%); analysis: C₁₇H₁₆O₅ requires C, 67.99; H, 5.37; found: C, 67.99; H, 5.53%.

EXAMPLE 43b (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 43a using the procedure as described in the synthesis of example 41c The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 1% CH₃CN-chloroform: PE 60-80° C.) and crystallized from EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. Yield, 41%; mp, 98-99° C.; MS (EI): (380, 378) (M⁺), 298, 285; analysis: C₁₇H₁₅O₅Br requires C, 53.85; H, 3.99; Br, 21.07; found: C, 53.70; H, 4.20; Br, 21.46%.

EXAMPLE 43c (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 43b using the procedure described in example 16a. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, EtOAc PE 60-80° C.) and crystallized from EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 7%; mp, 97-98° C.; MS (CI): 416 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₅NO₇ requires C, 63.61; H, 6.07; N, 3.37; found: C, 63.48; H, 6.17; N, 3.69%.

EXAMPLE 43d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; hydrochloride, sesquihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 43c using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 91%, white solid; mp, 160-61° C.; MS (ESI): 316 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₇H₁₈ClNO₅, 1.5H₂O requires C, 53.86; H, 5.54; N, 3.70; found: C, 54.24; H, 5.82; N, 4.15%.

EXAMPLE 43e (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 43d using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 24%; mp, 211-13° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 455 (M−1); analysis: C₂₆H₂₀N₂O₆ requires C, 68.42; H, 4.42; N, 6.14; found: C, 68.20; H, 4.09; N, 6.54%.

EXAMPLE 43f (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 43e using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN and 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 83%, yellow solid; mp, 152-53° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 489 (M−1); analysis: C₂₆H₂₂N₂O₆S requires C, 63.66; H, 4.52; N, 5.71; S, 6.54; found: C, 63.80; H, 4.44; N, 5.64; S, 6.28%.

EXAMPLE 43g (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 43f using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 94%, yellow solid; ¹H NMR (DMSO-D₆): 2.85 (3H, s, SCH ₃), 4.65, 5.0, 5.12, 5.22 (8H, 4×s, 4×CH ₂), 6.55 (1H, br, H-2^(/)), 6.60 (1H, dd, J=8.9, 2.0, H-6^(/)), 7.40 (5H, br, PhH), 7.72 (1H, d, J=8.9, H-5^(/)), 7.95 (2H, br, H-4 & H-6), 8.10 (1H, d, J=8.7, H-7), 11.60 (1H, s, OH).

EXAMPLE 44 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid, trifluoroacetate

A mixture of the compound of example 43 (0.08 g; 0.163 mmol) and acetic anhydride (0.023 ml; 0.245 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (12 ml) was subjected to hydrogenation over 10% Pd—C (0.02 g) at 15 psi for 15 min. Distilled TFA (5 ml) was added to obtain a clear solution. The catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The crude product was triturated with acetonitrile and ether twice to afford the title compound as a pure white solid. Yield, 0.045 g, (56%); mp, 262° C. (d); MS (ESI⁺): 384 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₁₈N₃F₃O₈, 2H₂O requires C, 47.29; H, 4.16; N, 7.88; found: C, 47.57; H, 4.06; N, 7.22%.

EXAMPLE 45 (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 45e using the procedure described in example 4. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 1-2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 25%, white solid; mp, 163-65° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 464 (M⁺+Na), 442 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₃N₃O₇ requires C, 59.86; H, 5.25; N, 9.52; found: C, 59.66; H, 4.92; N, 9.20%.

EXAMPLE 45a (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-3-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

To a vigorously stirred solution of the compound of example 41e (4.5 g; 12.7 mmol) in dry DMF (20 ml) was added sequentially fused K₂CO₃ (3.5 g; 25.5 mmol), methyl iodide (0.96 ml; 15.3 mmol) and KF (0.45 g). The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h, diluted with water (200 ml) and the oily residue was extracted with chloroform (3×30 ml). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 3.25 g (69.5%); mp, 75° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 390 (M⁺+Na), 368 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₈H₂₅NO₇ requires C, 58.85; H, 6.85; N, 3.81; found: C, 58.79; H, 7.26; N, 3.81%.

EXAMPLE 45b (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-3-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 45a using the procedure described in example 5b.

EXAMPLE 45c (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 45b using the procedure described in example 1g.

The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 28%; mp, 182-83° C.; MS (CI): 437 (M⁺+29), 409 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₀N₂O₆, 1.5H₂O requires C, 60.63; H, 5.28; N, 6.43; found: C, 60.97; H, 4.76; N, 6.42%.

EXAMPLE 45d (3-Methoxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 45c using the procedure described in example 1h.

The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel 2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 86%; mp, 172° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 465 (M⁺+Na), 443 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₂N₂O₆S requires C, 59.72; H, 5.01; N, 6.33; S, 7.25; found: C, 60.19; H, 5.39; N, 6.21; S, 72%.

EXAMPLE 45e

(3-Methoxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 45d using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 88%, crude product.

EXAMPLE 46 (4-{2-[5-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-propoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, monohydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 46e using the procedure described in example 4. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 58%, white solid; mp, 175-77° C.; MS (EST): 492 M⁺+Na), 470 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₇N₃O₇, H₂O requires C, 59.13; H, 5.90; N, 8.62; found: C, 59.50; H, 5.48; N, 8.98%.

EXAMPLE 46a (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-3-propoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from 1-bromopropane and the compound of example 41e using the procedure described in example 45a. The purification was carried out using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 66%, oil; analysis: C₂₀H₂₉NO₇ requires C, 60.75; H, 7.39; N, 3.54; found: C, 61.18; H, 7.86; N, 3.81%.

EXAMPLE 46b (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-3-propoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 46a using the procedure described in example 5b.

EXAMPLE 46c (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-propoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 46b using the procedure described in example 1g. Yield, 13%; mp, 132-33° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 459 (M⁺+Na), 437 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 46d (4-{2-[1-Oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-propoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 46c using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 1-2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 98%; mp, 205° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 469 (M−1).

EXAMPLE 46e (4-{2-[5-Methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-propoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 46d using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 98%, crude product.

EXAMPLE 47 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-ethoxy carbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid salt, monohydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 47e using the procedure described in example 1. Yield, 13%; mp, 186-88° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 498 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₉H₃₁N₃O₁₀, H₂O requires: C, 57.19; H, 5.82; N, 7.41; found: C, 57.02; H, 5.31; N, 7.55%.

EXAMPLE 47a (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-3-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from ethyl 2-bromoacetate and the compound of example 41e using the procedure described in example 45a. Purification was carried out using flash chromatography (silica gel, 2% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 83%, mp, 65-66° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 462 (M⁺+Na), 440 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₉NO₇ requires C, 57.40; H, 6.65; N, 3.19; found: C, 57.82; H, 7.04; N, 3.25%.

EXAMPLE 47b (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-3-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 47a using the procedure described in example 5b.

EXAMPLE 47c (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-ethoxy carbonyl methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 47b using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5-10% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 16%; mp, 135-36° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 503 (M⁺+Na), 481 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₄N₂O₈ requires: C, 62.50; H, 5.03; N, 5.83; found: C, 62.22; H, 4.93; N, 6.33%.

EXAMPLE 47d (3-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 47c using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 1-2% MeOH in chloroform. Yield, 70%; MS (ESI⁺): 537 (M⁺+Na), 515 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 47e (3-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 47d using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 98%, crude product.

EXAMPLE 48 (3-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 47e using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 32%; mp, 139-40° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 536 (M⁺+Na), 514 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₇N₃O₉, 0.5H₂O, requires: C, 57.47; H, 5.17; N, 8.04; found: C, 57.42; H, 5.07; N, 8.21%.

EXAMPLE 49 (2-Ethylsulfanyl-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 49g using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 42%; mp, 182-83° C.; MS (ESI): 510 (M⁺+Na), 488 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₅N₃O₇S requires C, 56.66; H, 5.17; N, 8.62; S, 6.58; found: C, 56.37; H, 5.47; N, 9.01; S, 6.18%.

EXAMPLE 49a 1-(3-Ethylsulfanyl-2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone

NBS (53.4 g; 0.3 mol) was added over a period of 1 h to a solution of 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone (45.6 g; 0.3 mol) in acetic acid (300 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight, treated with water (1.5 lit.) and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform) to obtain a mixture of bromo compounds viz. 3-bromo, 5-bromo and 3,5-dibromo (53 g) and 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-ethanone (7 g). (Purification to separate the bromo compounds resulted in very poor yields).

The mixture was heated with CuSEt, quinoline and pyridine at 160-70° C. for 1.5 h following a reported procedure (refer R. Adams et. al., JACS, 1951, 81, 4927-31). The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% EtOAc in PE60-80° C.) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 24%; mp, 42-44° C.; MS (EI): 212 (M+), 197, 137, 109; analysis: C₁₀H₁₂O₃S requires C, 56.59; H, 5.70; S, 15.10; found: C, 57.07; H, 6.47; S, 14.83%.

Two other compounds were also isolated:

1-(3,5-Bis-ethylsulfanyl-2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)ethanone

Yield, 14%; mp, 55-56° C.; MS (EI): 272 (M+), 257, 243, 143; analysis: C₁₇H₁₆O₃S₂ requires C, 52.12; H, 5.92; S, 23.54; found: C, 52.48; H, 6.30; S, 23.71%.

1-(5-Ethylsulfanyl-2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone

Yield, 10%; mp, 74-76° C.; MS (EI): 212 (M⁺), 197, 183, 169, 113; analysis: C₁₀H₁₂O₃S requires C, 56.59; H, 5.70; found: C, 56.72; H, 5.41%.

EXAMPLE 49b (4-Acetyl-2-ethylsulfanyl-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 49a using the procedure described in example 20a. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10-20% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 62%; mp, 48-50° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): 298 (M+), 283, 265, 195 (100%); analysis: C₁₄H₁₈O₅S requires C, 56.36; H, 6.08; S, 10.78; found: C, 56.64; H, 6.16; S, 11.38%.

EXAMPLE 49c (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2-ethylsulfanyl-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Compound of example 49b was treated with CuBr₂ following reported procedure (see example 41c) to obtain the title compound, which was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C., 3% CH₃CN in dichloromethane). Yield, 33%; mp, 121-23° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): (376, 378) (M+), 297, 255, 193 (100%); analysis: C₁₄H₁₇BrO₅S requires C, 44.57; H, 4.54; Br, 21.18; S, 8.50; found: C, 45.22; H, 4.58; Br, 21.29; S, 8.32%.

EXAMPLE 49d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-ethylsulfanyl-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 49c using the procedure described in example 41d. Yield, 51%; mp, 91-92° C.; MS (ESI): 336 (M⁺+Na), 312 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 49e (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethylsulfanyl-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 49d using the procedure described in example 1g. Yield, 26%; mp, 138-40° C.; MS (ESI): 477 (M⁺+Na), 455 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 49f (2-Ethylsulfanyl-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 49e using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 75%; mp, 90° C.; MS (ESI): 511 (M⁺+Na), 489 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₄N₂O₄S₂, 0.5H₂O requires C, 55.46; H, 5.02; N, 5.62; found: C, 55.05; H, 4.84; N, 4.94; S, 12.83%.

EXAMPLE 49g (2-Ethylsulfanyl-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 49f using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 98%.

EXAMPLE 50 (2-Ethyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 50g using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 83%; mp, 218-19° C.; MS (ESI): 456 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₅N₃O₇ requires C, 60.65; H, 5.53; N, 9.23; found: C, 60.26; H, 5.51; N, 8.99%.

EXAMPLE 50a (4-Acetyl-2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained when 1-(5-Ethyl-2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone was reacted with ethyl 2-bromoacetate, and processed as described in the synthesis of example 20a. Yield, 85.6%; mp, 89-90° C.; MS (EI): 266 (M⁺), 179.

EXAMPLE 50b (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The compound of example 50a was treated with CuBr₂ following reported procedure (L. C. King et. al., JOC, 1964, 29, 3459-61). Yield, 57.3%; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.25 (3H, t, CH₂CH ₃), 1.30 (3H, t, OCH₂CH ₃), 2.65 (2H, q, CH ₂CH₃), 4.25 (2H, q, OCH ₂CH₃), 4.40 (2H, s, CH ₂Br), 4.7 (2H, s, OCH ₂), 6.25 (1H, s, H-6), 7.5 (1H, s, H-3), 12.15 (1H, s, OH).

EXAMPLE 50c (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 50b using the procedure described in example 27a-b. Yield, 56.3%; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.25 (3H, t, CH₂CH ₃), 1.30 (3H, t, OCH₂CH ₃), 1.6, [9H, s, C(CH ₃)₃], 2.65 (2H, q, CH ₂CH₃), 4.25 (2H, q, OCH ₂CH₃), 4.65 (2H, s, OCH ₂), 4.7 (2H, s, OCH ₂), 5.5 (1H, br, NH), 6.25 (1H, s, H-6), 7.45 (1H, s, H-3), 12.0 (1H, s, OH).

EXAMPLE 50d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 50c using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield 74%.

EXAMPLE 50e (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 50d using the procedure described in example 1g. Yield, 28%; mp, 209-10° C.; MS (EI): 422 (M⁺), 251 (100%).

EXAMPLE 50f (2-Ethyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 50e using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 1-2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 70%; mp, 190-92° C.; MS (ESI): 457 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 50g (2-Ethyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 50f using the procedure described in example 1i. MS (ESI): 471.5 (M⁺) ¹H NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD): 1.20 (3H, t, CH₂CH ₃), 1.25 (3H, t, OCH₂CH ₃), 2.65 (2H, q, CH ₂CH₃), 2.90 (3H, s, NH ₂, OH), 3.0 (3H, s, SCH ₃), 4.25 (2H, q, OCH ₂CH₃), 4.65, 4.70, 5.05 (6H, 3×s, 3×CH ₂), 6.25 (1H, s, H-6^(/)), 7.5 (1H, s, H-3^(/)), 7.90 (1H, dd, H-7), 8.05 (1H, d, H-6), 8.15 (1H, s, H-4).

EXAMPLE 51 (5-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-isopropyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 51g in two steps, using the procedures sequentially, described in example 1i and 4. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10-20% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 70%; mp, 207-09° C.; MS (ES⁺): 492 (M⁺+Na), 470 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₇N₃O₇ requires C, 61.40; H, 5.80; N, 8.95; found C, 61.80; H, 5.67; N, 8.93%.

EXAMPLE 51a 1-(2,4-Dihydroxy-5-isopropyl-phenyl)-ethanone

Dry HCl was passed through a suspension of 4-isopropyl-1,3-benzenediol (17.01 g; 112 mmol), CH₃CN (8.3 ml; 158 mmol) and fused ZnCl₂ (14 g) in dry ether (100 ml) for 1 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 1 h at room temperature and filtered. The solid obtained was hydrolyzed with boiling water as reported in the literature. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 15.2 g (69.6%); mp, 142-44° C.; MS (CI): 223 (M⁺+29), 195 (M⁺+1), 179; analysis: C₁₁H₁₄O₃ requires: C, 68.02; H, 7.26; found C, 68.40; H, 7.33%.

EXAMPLE 51b (4-Acetyl-5-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 51a using the procedure described in example 20a. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, chloroform/PE 60-80° C. (1:1) chloroform). Yield, 80%; mp, 70-72° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): 280, 265 (100%), 237, 191; analysis: C₁₅H₂₀O₅ requires: C, 64.27; H, 7.19; found C, 64.86; H, 7.47%.

EXAMPLE 51c (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-5-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 51b using the procedure described in example 50b. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 0.5% CH₃CN in chloroform: PE 60-80° C. (4:6). Yield, 76%; mp, 94-95° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); 1635; MS (EI): (358,360) (M⁺), (343,345), 265 (100%), 237, 191.

EXAMPLE 51d (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-5-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 51c using the procedure described in example 27a-b. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 47%; mp, 110-11° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): 395 (M⁺), 339, 265 (100%); analysis: C₂₀H₂₉NO₇ requires C, 60.70; H, 7.39; N, 3.54; found C, 61.11; H, 7.49; N, 2.98%.

EXAMPLE 51e (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-5-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 5d using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 88%; MS (EI): 295 (M⁺), 265 (100%), 237.

EXAMPLE 51f (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-5-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 51e using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 18%; mp, 195-96° C. (MeOH-ether); MS (CI): 465 (M⁺+29), 437 (M⁺+1), 265, 198, 159; analysis: C₂₄H₂₄N₂O₆ requires C, 66.05; H, 5.54; N, 6.42; found C, 66.34; H, 5.83; N, 6.39%.

EXAMPLE 51g (5-Hydroxy-2-isopropyl-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 51f using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 76%; mp, 185-86° C. (MeOH-ether); MS (ES⁻): 469 (M−1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₆S requires C, 61.26; H, 5.57; N, 5.95; S, 6.81; found C, 61.80; H, 5.55; N, 5.72; S, 7.26%.

EXAMPLE 52 (2-tert-Butyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 52g using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 92%, white solid; mp, 177-78° C.; MS (ESI): 506 (M⁺+Na), 484 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₉N₃O₇ requires C, 60.91; H, 6.09; N, 8.52; found C, 60.74; H, 6.00; N, 8.45%.

EXAMPLE 52a (4-Acetyl-2-tert-butyl)-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained when 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone was treated with ethyl 2-bromoacetate and processed as described in the synthesis of example 20a. Yield, 64%; mp, 110-11° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (CI): 323 (M⁺+29), 295 (M⁺+1), 279, 267, 239; analysis: C₁₆H₂₂O₅ requires: C, 65.29; H, 7.53; found C, 65.61; H, 7.85%.

EXAMPLE 52b (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2-tert-butyl-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 52a using the procedure described in example 50b. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 0.5% CH₃CN in chloroform: PE 60-80° C. (4:6)). Yield, 71%; mp, 75-76° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): (372, 374) (M⁺), (357, 359), 277; analysis: C₁₆H₂₁BrO₅ requires C, 51.49; H, 5.67; Br, 21.41; found C, 51.44; H, 6.19; Br, 21.39%.

EXAMPLE 52c (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-tert-butyl-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 52b using the procedure described in example 27a-b. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 50%, oil; MS (CI): 438 (M⁺+29), 394, 382, 354 (100%); analysis: C₂₁H₃₁NO₇ requires C, 61.60; H, 7.63; N, 3.42; found C, 62.12; H, 7.46; N, 3.24%.

EXAMPLE 52d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-tert-butyl-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 52c using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 97%; MS (CI): 338 (M⁺+29), 310 (M⁺+1), 292, 279; ¹H NMR (DMSO-D₆): 1.24 [3H, t, J=7.4, CH₂CH ₃), 1.38 [9H, s, C(CH ₃)₃], 4.22 (2H, q, J=7.4, CH ₂CH₃), 4.37 (2H, d, J=4.5, NHCH ₂), 4.90 (2H, s, OCH ₂), 6.53 (1H, s, H-3), 7.68 (1H, s, H-6), 8.27 (3H, br, NH ₃), 11.41 (1H, s, OH).

EXAMPLE 52e (2-tert-Butyl-4-{2-[5-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 52d using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 1-3% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 37%; mp, 192-94° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): 450 (M⁺), 279, 251, 193, 171; analysis: C₂₁H₂₆N₂O₆ requires C, 66.66; H, 5.82; N, 6.22; found C, 67.12; H, 5.76; N, 6.15%.

EXAMPLE 52f (2-tert-Butyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 52e using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN-1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 92%, yellow solid; mp, 203-04° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 483 (M⁺+1), 279, 251, 193, 171; analysis: C₂₅H₂₈N₂O₆S requires C, 61.97; H, 5.82; N, 5.78; S, 6.62; found C, 61.59; H, 5.96; N, 5.76; S, 6.98%.

EXAMPLE 52g (2-tert-Butyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 52f using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 87%, yellow solid; mp, 208-10° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 497 (M⁺−1).

EXAMPLE 53 (2-Chloro-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 53i using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 46%; mp, 227-28° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 460 (M⁺−1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₀ClN₃O₇, 0.5H₂O requires C, 53.52; H, 4.46; N, 8.91; found: C, 53.61; H, 4.42; N, 8.61%.

EXAMPLE 53a 1-(5-Chloro-2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone EXAMPLE 53b 1-(3-Chloro-2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)ethanone

N-chlorosuccinimide (19.31 g; 144.5 mmol) in DMF (20 ml) was added drop wise over a period of 10 min. with stirring to a mixture of 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone (20 g; 131.46 mmol), glacial acetic acid (105 ml) and DMF (26 ml) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight (˜16 h) at room temperature. It was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 30% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Crystallization using EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. gave the pure products.

53a: Yield, 7.7 g (31%), white solid; mp, 165-67° C.; MS (CI): 187,189 (M⁺+1).

53b: Yield, 9.4 g (38%), white solid; MS (CI): 187,189 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 53c (4-Acetyl-2-chloro-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 53a using the procedure described in example 20a. Yield, 39%, white solid; mp, 140° C.; MS (EI): 272 (M⁺), 257, 208; analysis: C₁₂H₁₃ClO₅ requires C, 52.86; H, 4.81; Cl, 13.00; found: C, 53.33; H, 4.81; Cl, 13.17%.

EXAMPLE 53d (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2-chloro-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 53c using the procedure described in example 50b. Yield, 65%, white solid; mp, 112-14° C.; MS (EI): (352, 354) (M⁺), 257 (100%), 259; analysis: C₁₂H₁₂BrClO₅ requires C, 41.00; H, 3.44; halogen, 32.81; found: C, 41.43; H, 3.86; halogen, 33.08%.

EXAMPLE 53e (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-chloro-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 53d using the procedure described in example 20d (1.5N ethanolic HCl was used instead of 1.5 N aqueous HCl). Yield, 37%, white solid; mp, 109-10° C.; MS (ESI): 410 (M⁺+Na); analysis: C₁₇H₂₂ClO₇ requires C, 52.65; H, 5.72; N, 3.61; Cl, 9.14; found: C, 52.26; H, 5.85; N, 3.93; Cl, 8.89%.

EXAMPLE 53f (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-chloro-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 53e using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 90%, white solid; mp, 239-41° C. (d); MS (ESI): 310 (M⁺+Na), 288 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 53g (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 53f using the procedure described in example 1g. Yield, 5%, white solid; mp, 214-15° C.; MS (CI): 457 (M⁺+29), 429 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 53h (2-Chloro-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 53g using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 69%, yellow solid; mp, 227-29° C.; MS (ESI): 485 (M⁺+Na), 463 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 53i (2-Chloro-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 53h using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 96%, yellow solid; mp, 173-75° C. (d); MS (ESI): 477 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 54 (2-Chloro-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 54g using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 47%, white solid; mp, 214-15° C.; MS (ESI): 484 (M⁺+Na), 462 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₀ClN₃O₇, 0.5H₂O requires C, 53.52; H, 4.46; N, 8.91; found: C, 53.71; H, 4.34; N, 8.74%.

EXAMPLE 54a (4-Acetyl-2-chloro-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 53b using the procedure described in example 20a. Yield, 50%, white solid; mp, 110-11° C.; MS (CI): 301 (M⁺+29), 273 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₂H₁₃ClO₅ requires C, 52.86; H, 4.81; Cl, 13.00; found: C, 53.42; H, 5.00; Cl, 13.19%.

EXAMPLE 54b (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2-chloro-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 54a using the procedure described in example 50b. Yield, 65%, white solid; mp, 137-38° C.; MS (EI): (352,354) (M⁺), 259, 257 (100%); analysis: C₁₂H₁₂BrClO₅ requires C, 41.00; H, 3.44; halogen, 32.81; found: C, 41.54; H, 3.54; halogen, 33.35%.

EXAMPLE 54c (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-chloro-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 54b using the procedure described in example 20d (1.5N ethanolic HCl was used instead of 1.5N aqueous HCl). Yield, 37%, white solid; mp, 109-10° C.; MS (CI): 416 M⁺+29), 388 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₇H₂₂ClO₇ requires C, 52.65; H, 5.72; N, 3.61; Cl, 9.14; found: C, 52.16; H, 5.85; N, 3.93; Cl, 8.89%.

EXAMPLE 54d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-chloro-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 54c using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 99%, white solid; mp, 198-200° C.; MS (ESI): 288 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₂H₁₄ClNO₅ requires C, 43.22; H, 4.80; N, 4.20; Cl, 21.28; found C, 43.04; H, 4.70; N, 4.75; Cl, 21.23%.

EXAMPLE 54e (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 54d using the procedure described in example 1g. Yield, 4%, white solid; mp, 227-29° C.; MS (ESI): 451 (M⁺+Na), 429 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₁₇ClN₂O₆ requires C, 56.38; H, 4.25; N, 6.27; found C, 56.31; H, 4.12; N, 5.87%.

EXAMPLE 54f (2-Chloro-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 54e using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 63%, yellow solid; mp, 186-88° C.; (ESI): 485 (M⁺+Na), 463 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₁₉ClN₂O₆S requires C, 54.49; H, 4.14; N, 6.05; found C, 54.09; H, 4.31; N, 5.84%.

EXAMPLE 54g (2-Chloro-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 54f using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 86%, yellow solid; mp, 195-97° C.; MS (ESI): 477 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 55 (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-4-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 55f in two steps, using the procedures sequentially, described in examples 1i and 4. Yield, 22%; mp, 226-28° C.; MS (ES⁺): 464 (M⁺+Na), 442 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₃N₃O₇, H₂O requires C, 57.51; H, 5.48; N, 9.15; found C, 57.15; H, 5.11; N, 8.83%.

EXAMPLE 55a 1-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-phenyl)-ethanone

A mixture of 2-methyl-benzene-1,3-diol, acetic anhydride and ZnCl₂ was heated at 150-60° C. for 3.5 h, and processed as reported in the literature. (Pearson. D. E. et. al., Synthesis, 533, 1972 and the references cited therein). The crude was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-5% CH₃CN in chloroform) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 73%; mp, 65-66° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (CI): 195 (M⁺+29), 169 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₉H₁₀O₃ requires C, 65.05; H, 6.07; found C, 65.44; H, 6.62%.

EXAMPLE 55b (4-Acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 55a using the procedure described in example 20a. The crude was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 87%; mp, 58-60° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): 252 M, 237 (100%), 208, 178, 164; analysis: C₁₃H₁₆O₅ requires C, 61.90; H, 6.39; found C, 61.55; H, 6.60%.

EXAMPLE 55c (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 55b using the procedure described in example 50b. The crude was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 1-2% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 61%; mp, 117° C. (hot EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): (332, 330) (M⁺), 237 (100%), 208.

EXAMPLE 55d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 55c using the procedure described in example 41d. Yield, 86%; mp, 201-03° C.; MS (CI): 296 (M⁺+29), 268 (M⁺).

EXAMPLE 55e (4-{2-[5-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 55d using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 21%; mp, 224-25° C. (EtOAc-PE60-80° C.); MS (EI): 450 (M⁺), 279, 251, 193, 171; analysis: C₂₂H₂₀N₂O₆, 0.5H₂O requires C, 63.30; H, 5.07; N, 6.71; found C, 62.99; H, 4.94; N, 6.59%.

EXAMPLE 55f (3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 55e using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 25% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 65%; mp, 210-12° C. (EtOAc-PE60-80° C.); MS (ESI): 465 (M⁺+Na), 443 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₂N₂O₆S requires C, 59.72; H, 5.01; N, 6.33; S, 7.25; found C, 60.05; H, 5.26; N, 6.14; S, 7.57%.

EXAMPLE 56 (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 56f in two steps, using the procedures sequentially, described in examples 1i and 4. Mp, 200° C.; MS (ESI): 504 (M⁺+1); analysis. C₂₇H₂₅N₃O₇, 0.5H₂O requires, C, 63.27; H, 5.11; N, 8.20; found, C, 63.50; H, 4.87; N, 8.16%.

EXAMPLE 56a (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 55d using the procedure described in example 27b. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 86%; MS (ESI): 390 (M⁺+Na), 368 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 56b (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid

The compound of example 56a was hydrolyzed using 1N methanolic NaOH to obtain the title compound, which was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 82.5%; MS (ESI): 362 (M⁺+Na), 340 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 56c (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 56b using the procedure described in example 5a (benzyl alcohol was used instead of isopropanol). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 2% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 87.4%; MS (ESI): 475 (M⁺+Na), 452 (M⁺+1); analysis. C₂₃H₂₇NO₇ requires C, 64.32; H, 6.34; N, 3.26; found, C, 63.67; H, 6.05; N, 3.32%.

EXAMPLE 56d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of Example 56c using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 71%.

EXAMPLE 56e (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 56d using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 38.7%; mp, 212° C.; MS (CI): 499 (M⁺+29), 471 (M⁺+1), 407, 299, 199, 159, 91 (100%).

EXAMPLE 56f (3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 56e using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 25% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 67.5%, yellow solid; mp, 207° C.; analysis C₂₇H₂₄N₂O₆S requires, C, 64.27; H, 4.99; N, 5.55; found, C, 63.28; H, 4.91; N, 5.42%.

EXAMPLE 57 (2-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 57g using the procedure described in example 4. Yield, 72%; mp, 196-97° C.; analysis: C₂₃H₂₅N₃O₇ requires C, 60.65; H, 5.53; N, 9.23; found: C, 60.58; H, 5.75; N, 8.74%.

EXAMPLE 57a (4-Acetyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

1-(3-Ethyl-2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone was treated with 2-bromo-acetic acid ethyl ester and processed as described in the synthesis of example 20a. Yield, 96.89%; mp, 74-75° C.; MS (CI): 267 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 57b (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 57a using the procedure described in example 50b. Yield, 47%; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.1 (3H, t, CH₂CH ₃), 1.30 (3H, t, J=7.3, OCH₂CH ₃), 2.75 (2H, q, J=7.3, CH₂CH ₃), 4.25 (2H, q, J=7.3, OCH ₂CH₃), 4.4 (2H, s, BrCH ₂), 4.75 (2H, s, OCH ₂CO), 6.3 (1H, d, J=8.5, H-6), 7.6 (1H, d, J=8.5, H-5), 12.77 (1H, s, 2

EXAMPLE 57c (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 57b using the procedure described in example 41e. Yield, 60%; MS (CI): 382 (M+1).

EXAMPLE 57d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 57c using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 65%.

EXAMPLE 57e (4-{2-[5-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 57d using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 17.4%; mp, 178-79° C.; MS (CI): 423 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 57f (2-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 57e using the procedure described in example 1h. Yield, 86.4%, yellow solid; mp, 156-57° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 455 (M−1).

EXAMPLE 57g (2-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 57f using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 98%, yellow solid; mp 74-75° C.

EXAMPLE 58 (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 58g using the procedure described in example 4. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 70%, white solid; mp, 211-12° C.; MS (ESI): 492 (M⁺+Na), 470 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₇N₃O₇ requires C, 61.40; H, 5.80; N, 8.95; found C, 61.60; H, 5.84; N, 8.68%.

EXAMPLE 58a (4-Acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

1-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3-propyl-phenyl)-ethanone was treated with ethyl 2-bromoacetate and processed as described in the synthesis of example 20a. Yield, 80%, white solid; mp, 61-62° C.; MS (EI): 280 (M⁺), 265, 251 (100%), 193; analysis: C₁₅H₂₀O₅ requires C, 64.27; H, 7.19; found: C, 64.56; H, 7.39%.

EXAMPLE 58b (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 58a using the procedure described in example 50b. Yield, 50%, white solid; mp, 120-21° C.; MS (EI): (358, 360) (M⁺), (231, 229), 279, 265 (100%); analysis: C₁₅H₁₉BrO₅ requires C, 50.16; H, 5.33; Br, 22.24; found: C, 50.47; H, 5.32; Br, 21.89%.

EXAMPLE 58c (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 58b using the procedure described in example 20b (1.5N ethanolic HCl was used instead of 1.5N aqueous HCl). Yield, 40%, white solid; mp, 80-83° C.; MS (CI): 396 (M⁺+1), 340, 296 (100%); analysis: C₂₀H₂₉NO₇ requires C, 60.75; H, 7.39; N, 3.54; found: C, 61.00; H, 7.52; N, 3.52%.

EXAMPLE 58d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 58c using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 91%, white solid; mp, 188-190° C.; MS (ESI): 288 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₅H₂₂ClNO₅ requires C, 54.30; H, 6.68; N, 4.22; Cl, 10.69; found: C, 54.20; H, 6.50; N, 3.98; Cl, 10.50%.

EXAMPLE 58e (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 58d using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 39%, white solid; mp, 136-37° C.; MS (ESI): 437 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₄N₂O₆ requires C, 66.05; H, 5.54; N, 6.42; found C, 66.05; H, 5.49; N, 6.13%.

EXAMPLE 58f (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 58e using the procedure described in example 1h. Purification was effected using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 73%, yellow solid; mp, 194-95° C.; MS (ESI): 493 (M⁺+Na), 471 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₆S requires C, 61.26; H, 5.57; N, 5.95; S, 6.81; found C, 61.17; H, 5.54; N, 5.75; S, 7.09%.

EXAMPLE 58g (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-4-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 58f using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 98%, yellow solid; MS (ESI): 485 (M⁺+1); ¹H NMR (DMSO-D₆): 0.90 (3H, t, J=7.6, CH₂CH₂CH ₃), 1.25 (3H, t, J=7.6, OCH₂CH ₂), 1.52 (2H, m, CH₂CH ₂CH₃), 2.65 (2H, t, J=7.6, CH ₂CH₂CH₃), 2.85 (3H, s, SCH ₃), 4.2 (2H, q, J=7.6, OCH ₂CH₃), 4.65, 5.05, 5.20 (6H, 3×s, 3×CH ₂), 6.65 (1H, d, J=10.2, H-6^(/)), 7.95 (4H, m), 8.19 (1H, br), 12.2 (1H, s, OH).

EXAMPLE 59 (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 59e using the procedure described in example 4. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 80%, white solid; mp, 199-200° C.; MS (ESI): 554 (M⁺+Na), 532 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₉H₂₉N₃O₇ requires C, 63.53; H, 5.50; N, 7.91; found C, 65.20; H, 5.48; N, 7.70%.

EXAMPLE 59a (4-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The compound of example 58c was hydrolyzed using 1N methanolic NaOH. The acid obtained was converted into the title compound as described in the preparation of example 5a. Benzyl alcohol was used instead of isopropanol. Yield, 81%, white solid; mp, 112-13° C.; MS (EI): 457 (M⁺), 401, 327 (100%), 91; analysis: C₂₅H₃₁NO₇ requires C, 65.63; H, 6.83; N, 3.06; found: C, 66.14; H, 6.93; N, 3.07%.

EXAMPLE 59b (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 59a using the procedure described in example 5b.

EXAMPLE 59c (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 59b using the procedure described in example 1g and was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 33%, white solid; mp, 198-99° C.; MS (ESI): 521 (M⁺+Na), 499 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₆ requires C, 69.87; H, 5.26; N, 5.62; found C, 69.97; H, 5.16; N, 5.52%.

EXAMPLE 59d (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 59c using the procedure described in example 1h. Purification was effected using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN+5% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 91%, yellow solid; mp, 170-71° C.; MS (ESI): 555 (M⁺+Na), 533 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₉H₂₈N₂O₆S requires C, 65.40; H, 5.30; N, 5.26; S, 6.02; found C, 65.76; H, 5.08; N, 5.27; S, 6.39%.

EXAMPLE 59e (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 59d using the procedure described in Example 1i. Yield, 87%, yellow solid; mp, 175-76° C.; MS (ESI): 569 (M⁺+Na), 547 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₃₀H₃₁IN₂O₆S requires C, 53.42; H, 4.63; N, 4.15; S, 4.75; I, 18.81; found C, 54.08; H, 4.65; N, 4.06; S, 5.07; I, 19.00%.

EXAMPLE 60 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid salt

The compound of example 59 was hydrogenated using 10% Pd—C, as described in example 17. TFA was added to dissolve the precipitated compound. Filtration and concentration afforded the title compound. Yield, 80%, white solid; mp, 222-23° C.; MS (ESI): 426 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₄F₃N₃O₈ requires C, 53.44; H, 4.48; N, 7.79; found C, 52.89; H, 4.70; N, 7.39%.

EXAMPLE 61 (4-Hydroxy-3-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 61g using the procedure described in example 4. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 34%, white solid; mp, 158-59° C.; MS (ESI): 450 (M⁺+Na), 428 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₁N₃O₇ requires C, 59.01; H, 4.95; N, 9.83; found: C, 58.95; H, 5.03; N, 9.58%.

EXAMPLE 61a (3-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

K₂CO₃ (15.43 g; 112 mmol) was added in small portions over 30 min to a solution of 1-(2,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone (11.33 g; 74.47 mmol) and ethyl 2-bromoacetate (8.29 ml; 75 mmol) in DMF (40 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, and then processed. The crude product obtained was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 2% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 6.0 g (33.8%); mp, 60° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): 238 (M⁺), 223, 195, 151 (100%); analysis: C₁₂H₁₄O₅ requires C, 60.50; H, 5.92; found: C, 60.57; H, 6.10%.

EXAMPLE 61b (3-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-4-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 61a using the procedure described in example 50b. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, dichloromethane: PE 60-80° C.::60:40). Yield, 68%; mp, 120-22° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): 316, 318 (M⁺), 236, 223, 195, 163; analysis: C₁₂H₁₃BrO₅ requires C, 45.45; H, 4.13; found: C, 45.67; H, 4.16%.

EXAMPLE 61c (3-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-4-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 61b using the procedure described in example 16a (1.5N alcoholic HCl was used instead of 1.5N aqueous HCl). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 52.4%; mp, 91-93° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (ESI⁺): 376 (M⁺+Na), 354 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₇H₂₃NO₇ requires C, 57.78; H, 6.56; N, 3.96; found: C, 58.87; H, 6.61; N, 3.66%.

EXAMPLE 61d (3-{2-Amino-acetyl}-4-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 61c using the procedure described in example 5b.

EXAMPLE 61e (3-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-4-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 61d using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 16%; mp, 182° C. (EtOAc); MS (ESI⁺): 417 (M⁺+Na), 395 (M+1); analysis: C₂₁H₁₈N₂O₆ requires C, 63.96; H, 4.60; N, 7.10; found: C, 63.83; H, 4.47; N, 7.11%.

EXAMPLE 61f (4-Hydroxy-3-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 61e using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography with 10% CH₃CN and 1% MeOH in chloroform. Yield, 60%; MS (ESI⁺): 451 (M⁺+Na), 429 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 61g (4-Hydroxy-3-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 61f using the procedure described in example 1i.

EXAMPLE 62 (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-iso indol-2-yl]-acetyl}-5-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 62g using the procedure described in example 4. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 0.061 g (73%), white solid; mp, 209-10° C.; MS (ESI): 480 (M⁺+Na), 458 (M⁺+1), (ESI⁻): 456 (M−1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₃N₃O₈ requires: C, 57.77; H, 5.07; N, 9.19; found: C, 57.36; H, 5.09; N, 9.21%.

EXAMPLE 62a Cyanomethyl-carbamic acid benzyl ester

To a vigorously stirred solution of aminoacetonitrile (20 g; 0.216 mole), NaHCO₃ (50 g; 0.595 mole) in water (450 ml) and dioxane (250 ml), 50% benzyl chloroformate in toluene (67.88 ml; 0.475 mole) was added at 0° C. After stirring at room temperature for 16 h, the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed and the dark brown oil was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel with 30-50% EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. Yield, 33 g (80.3%); mp, 42-43° C.; MS (EI): 190 (M⁺), 145, 130, 117, 108, 91; analysis: C₁₀H₁₀N₂O₂ requires C, 63.15; H, 5.30; N, 14.73; found: C, 62.95; H, 5.05; N, 14.50%.

EXAMPLE 62b (2-{2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-phenyl}-2-oxo-ethyl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester

Dry HCl gas was passed through a suspension of 5-methoxy-benzene-1,3-diol (11 g; 78.49 mmol), 62a (16.42 g; 86.36 mmol) and fused ZnCl₂ (1.96 g) in dry ether (40 ml), for 1 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was kept at 0° C. overnight (˜16 h). The ether was decanted and the yellow residue was hydrolyzed with water as reported in literature (J. S. H. Davies, JCS, 1950, 3206-13). The title compound obtained was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN—CHCl₃.) Yield, 10 g (28%); mp, 147-48° C.; MS (EI): 331 (M⁺), 167 (100%); analysis: C₁₇H₁₇NO₆ requires: C, 61.63; H, 5.17; N, 4.23; found: C, 61.20; H, 4.85; N, 4.0%.

EXAMPLE 62c (4-{2-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 62b using the procedure described in example 20a. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 30% EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 6.3 g (50%); mp, 113-14° C.; MS (EI): 417 (M⁺), 253 (100%); analysis: C₂₁H₂₃NO₈ requires: C, 61.43; H, 5.55; N, 3.36; found: C, 61.24; H, 4.98; N, 3.63%.

EXAMPLE 62d (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrobromide

A mixture of 62c (0.72 g, 1.725 mmol), glacial acetic acid (0.353 ml) and 33% HBr in AcOH (1.06 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The solvent was removed and the dark brown oil obtained was triturated with dry ether to afford the title compound as a brownish white solid. Yield, 0.6 g (95%); mp, 175-76° C.; MS (EI): 283 (M⁺), 253 (100%); analysis: C₁₃H₁₈BrNO₈ requires: C, 42.87; H, 4.98; N, 3.85; Br, 21.94; found: C, 42.44; H, 5.01; N, 3.68; Br, 22.02%.

EXAMPLE 62e (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1-hydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 62d using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 0.156 g (6%); mp, 209-10° C.; MS (EI): 424 (M⁺), 253 (100%); analysis: C₂₂H₂₀NO₇.0.5H₂O requires: C, 60.91; H, 4.85; N, 6.46; found: C, 60.76; H, 4.29; N, 6.37%.

EXAMPLE 62f (3-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, monohydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 62e using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN, 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 0.143 g (91%), yellow solid; mp, 150-52° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 457 (M−1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₂N₂O₇, H₂O requires: C, 55.40; H, 5.04; N, 5.88; S, 6.71; found: C, 55.81; H, 4.93; N, 6.30; S, 7.02%.

EXAMPLE 62g (3-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 62f using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 0.128 g (79%), yellow solid; mp, 152-54° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 495 M⁺+Na), 473 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₅IN₂O₇S. requires C, 46.01; H, 4.20; N, 4.67; S, 5.34; I, 21.14; found: C, 45.98; H, 4.21; N, 4.86; S, 5.64; I, 21.10%.

EXAMPLE 63 (3,5-Dihydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1-hydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 63h using the procedure described in example 4. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3-5% MeOH in CHCl₃). Yield, 0.03 g (33%), white solid; mp, 229-30° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 466 (M⁺+Na), 444 (M⁺+1), analysis: C₂₁H₂₁N₃O₈. requires C, 56.88; H, 4.77; N, 9.48; found: C, 56.50; H, 4.77; N, 8.96%.

EXAMPLE 63a Acetic acid 3-acetoxy-5-benzyloxy-phenyl ester

Water (4.3 ml, 236 mmol) in DMF (20 ml) was added drop wise at room temperature with stirring to a mixture of acetic acid 3,5-diacetoxy-phenyl ester (refer Kawamoto. H. et. al. Synth. Commun. 26, 531, 1996) (35 g, 139 mmol), NaH (5.66 g, 236 mmol) and benzyl chloride (19.16 ml, 166 mmol) in dry DMF (300 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight (˜16 h), poured into chilled dil. aqueous HCl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ to obtain the crude title compound which was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 20-50% CH₂Cl₂ in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 12.5 g (30%), white solid; mp: 129-30° C.; MS (EI): 300 (M⁺), 258, 216, 91 (100%); analysis: C₁₇H₁₆O₅ requires: C, 67.99; H, 5.37 found: C, 67.50; H, 5.40%.

EXAMPLE 63b 5-Benzyloxy-benzene-1,3-diol

The compound in example 63a was treated with 1N methanolic NaOH for 1 h. The reaction mixture was processed and the crude product obtained was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 93%, white solid; mp: 85-86° C.; MS (EI): 216 (M⁺), 91 (100%); analysis: C₁₃H₁₂O₃ requires: C, 72.21; H, 5.59 found: C, 72.51; H, 6.05%.

EXAMPLE 63c (2-{2-Benzyloxy-4,6-dihydroxy-phenyl}-2-oxo-ethyl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 63b using the procedure described in example 62a-b. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 35%, white solid; mp: 129-31° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 430 (M⁺+Na), 408 (M⁺+1), (ESI⁻): 406 (M−1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₁NO₆ requires: C, 67.81; H, 5.20; N, 3.42; found: C, 67.89; H, 5.10; N, 3.09%.

EXAMPLE 63d (3-Benzyloxy-4-{2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-5-hydroxy-phenoxy-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 63c using the procedure described in example 20a. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, chloroform). Yield, 70%, white solid; mp, 140-41° C.; MS (CI): 522. (M⁺+29), 494 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₇H₂₇NO₈ requires: C, 65.71; H, 5.51; N, 2.84; found: C, 66.07; H, 6.03; N, 2.98%.

EXAMPLE 63e (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-3,5-dihydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The compound of example 63d (3.5 g; 7.09 mmol) in glacial acetic (150 ml) was hydrogenated using 10% Pd—C (1 g) at 15 psi for 30 min. The catalyst was filtered, the filtrate was evaporated to dryness and the crude product obtained was triturated with ethereal HCl and washed with dry ether to afford the title compound as white solid. Yield, 2 g (92%); mp: 225-27° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 268. (M−1); analysis: C₁₂H₁₆ClNO₆ requires: C, 47.15; H, 5.28; N, 4.58; Cl, 11.60; found: C, 46.63; H, 5.05; N, 4.29; Cl, 11.50%.

EXAMPLE 63f (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3,5-dihydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 63e using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN, 2% MeOH in CHCl₃). Yield, 0.55 g (23%), white solid, mp, >260° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 411 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₁₈N₂O₇. requires: C, 61.46; H, 4.42; N, 6.83; found: C, 62.24; H, 4.42; N, 6.83%.

EXAMPLE 63g (3,5-Dihydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 63f using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5-10% CH₃CN in CHCl₃). Yield, 97%, yellow solid; mp: 260° C. (d); MS (ESI⁺): 467 (M⁺+Na), 445 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₀N₂O₇S requires: C, 56.75; H, 4.54; N, 6.30; S, 7.21; found: C, 57.11; H, 4.72; N, 6.07; S, 7.02%.

EXAMPLE 63h (3,5-Dihydroxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 63g using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 97%, yellow solid; mp, 95° C. (d); MS (ESI+): 482 (M⁺+Na), 459 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 64 (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 64f in two steps, using the procedures sequentially, described in examples 1i and 4. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 48%, white solid; mp, 153-55° C.; MS (ESI): 552 (M⁺+Na).

EXAMPLE 64a (4-Acetyl-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

1-(2,3,4-Trihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone was treated with 2-bromo-acetic acid ethyl ester in the presence of K₂CO₃ and processed as described in the synthesis of example 20a. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 69.2%, oil; MS (EI): 341 (M⁺+1), 279, 267, 193, 165; analysis: C₁₆H₂₀O₈ requires C, 56.47; H, 5.92; found: C, 56.91; H, 6.32%.

EXAMPLE 64b (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 64a using the procedure described in example 50b. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 61%; MS (EI): 418, 420 (M⁺), 338, 265, 250, 191, and 165.

EXAMPLE 64c [4-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl)-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-3-hydroxy-phenoxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 64b using the procedure described in example 20d (1.5N alcoholic HCl was used instead of 1.5N aqueous HCl). The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 20-30% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 58%, oil; MS (ESI⁺): 478 (M⁺+Na), 456 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₉NO₁₀ requires C, 55.38; H, 6.42; N, 3.06; found: C, 55.78; H, 6.85; N, 3.43%.

EXAMPLE 64d [4-(2-Amino-acetyl)-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-3-hydroxy-phenoxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 64c using the procedure described in example 5b.

EXAMPLE 64e (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 64d using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 14%; mp, 136-38° C. (EtOAc); MS (ESI⁻): 495 (M−1).

EXAMPLE 64f (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 64e using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN, 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield 72%; mp, 76° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 553 (M⁺+Na); analysis: C₂₅H₂₆N₂O₉S requires C, 56.60; H, 4.94; N, 5.28; found: C, 57.02; H, 4.62; N, 5.03%.

EXAMPLE 65 (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, sesquihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 65i in two steps, using the procedures sequentially, described in examples 1i and 4. It was purified using flash chromatography with 3% MeOH in chloroform. Yield, 26%, white solid; mp, 186-88° C.; MS (ESI): 552 (M⁺+Na), 520 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₇N₃O₁₀, 1.5H₂O requires C, 53.90; H, 5.39; N, 7.55; found: C, 53.96; H, 5.12; N, 7.33%.

EXAMPLE 65a (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-formyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

3,4-Dihydroxy-benzaldehyde was treated with 2-bromo-acetic acid ethyl ester in the presence of K₂CO₃ and processed as described in the synthesis of example 20a. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 30-50% EtOAc in PE 60-80° C.). Yield, 87%; mp, 56° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): 310 (, 237, 163, 149; analysis: C₁₅H₁₈O₇, 0.5H₂O requires C, 56.37; H, 5.95; found: C, 56.72; H, 5.79%.

EXAMPLE 65b (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The compound of example 65a obtained above was treated with 3-chlorobenzoic acid in dichloromethane as reported in the literature (I. M. Godfrey et al, JCS Perkin I, 1974, 1353). The formyl ester obtained was purified using column chromatography (neutral alumina, 3-5% MeOH in dichloromethane) and crystallized from EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. Yield, 68%; mp, 67° C. (EtOAc-PE 60-80° C.); MS (EI): 298 (M⁺); analysis: C₁₄H₁₈O₇ requires C, 56.37; H, 6.08; found: C, 56.12; H, 5.89%.

EXAMPLE 65c (4-Allyloxy-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Allyl bromide (25.53 ml; 302 mmol) was added slowly to a mixture of the compound of example 65b (75 g; 251.4 mmol), K₂CO₃ (52.04 g; 377 mmol) and KI (˜1 g) in DMF (150 ml) under vigorous stirring for 15 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight (˜16 h), treated with water (1 lit.), and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform) to obtain the title compound as an oil. Yield, 76 g (89.7%); MS (FI): 337 (M⁺), 136.

EXAMPLE 65d (4-Acetyl-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The compound of example 65c (38 g; 112.5 mmol) was heated with acetyl chloride (9.74 ml; 137 mmol) and activated Zn (7.46 g) in toluene (250 ml) for 5 h (Synth. Commun. 1998, 28, 2203). to obtain the title compound which was processed as is routinely done and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 30 g (78.3%); MS (CI): 409 (M⁺+29), 381(M⁺); analysis: C₁₆H₂₀O₈ requires C, 56.47; H, 5.92; found: C, 56.05; H, 5.59%.

EXAMPLE 65e (4-{2-Bromo-acetyl}-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 65d using the procedure described in example 50b. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, with 3% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 50%; MS (CI): 447 (M⁺+29), 419 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₁₆H₁₉BrO₈ requires C, 45.84; H, 4.57; Br, 19.06; found: C, 45.45; H, 4.26; Br, 18.91%.

EXAMPLE 65f 4-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl)-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-5-hydroxy-phenoxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 65e using the procedure described in example 16a (1.5N alcoholic HCl was used instead of 1.5N aqueous HCl). The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 30%; mp, 73-74° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 478 (M⁺+Na), 456 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₉NO₁₀ requires C, 55.38; H, 6.42; N, 3.06; found: C, 55.69; H, 6.74; N, 3.19%.

EXAMPLE 65g (4-{2-Amino-acetyl}-2-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 65f using the procedure described in example 5b.

EXAMPLE 65h (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethoxycarbonyl methoxy-5-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 65g using the procedure described in example 1g. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN in chloroform, 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 22%; mp 168-69° C. (EtOAc); MS (ESI⁺): 519 (M⁺+23), 497(M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₄N₂O₉, 2H₂O requires C, 56.34; H, 5.20; N, 5.25; found: C, 56.60; H, 4.86; N, 5.19%.

EXAMPLE 65i (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 65h using the procedure described in example 1h. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN, 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 94%; mp 142-43° C.; MS (ESI+): 553 (M⁺+Na), 531 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₆N₂O₉S requires C, 56.60; H, 4.94; N, 5.28; found: C, 56.82; H, 4.71; N, 5.23%.

EXAMPLE 66 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperazine-1-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester; acetic acid salt

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 66f by subjecting it to hydrogenation in AcOH and ethanol over 10% Pd—C, using the procedure reported in the literature (see Gante. J. et. al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 6, 2425, 1996). The title compound was purified using an RP-18 column (40% MeOH in water containing 0.2% AcOH). Yield, 39.5%; mp, 211-12° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 388 (M⁺+1), analysis: C₂₁H₂₉N₅O₆ requires C, 56.38; H, 6.49; N, 15.66; found: C, 55.57; H, 6.34; N, 15.02%.

EXAMPLE 66a (5Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-4-isoindol-2-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from Glycine ethyl ester hydrochloride using the procedure described in example 1g. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3.5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield 88%; mp, 105° C.; MS (EI): 244 (M⁺), 170, 114; analysis: C₁₃H₁₂N₂O₃ requires: C, 63.93; H, 4.95; N, 11.47; found: C, 63.48; H, 4.54; N, 11.35%.

EXAMPLE 66b (5-{N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl}-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester

A mixture of the compound of example 66a (1.85 g; 8 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.21 g; 31.82 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (1.55 g; 14.62 mmol) in methanol (14.3 ml) and water (43 ml) was refluxed in an atmosphere of nitrogen for 3 h. It was concentrated and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified by trituration with EtOAc and PE 60-80° C. to obtain the title compound. Yield, 1 g (47%); mp, 150-51° C.; MS (ESI): 286 (M⁺+Na), analysis: C₁₂H₁₃N₃O₄ requires C, 54.75; H, 4.98; N, 15.96; found: C, 54.70; H, 4.92; N, 15.89%.

EXAMPLE 66C (5-{5-Methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl}-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The compound of example 66b (1 g; 3.8 mmol) in acetic anhydride (20 ml) was heated at 120° C. for 4 h. It was concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in dichloromethane) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 0.6 g (55%); mp, 155° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 286 (M−1), analysis: C₁₄H₁₃N₃O₄ requires C, 58.53; H, 4.56; N, 14.63; found: C, 58.13; H, 4.79; N, 14.14%.

EXAMPLE 66d (5-{5-Methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl}-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)acetic acid

A solution of the compound of example 66c (0.5 g; 1.7 mmol) in methanol (13.6 ml) was stirred with 1N NaOH (3.4 ml; 3.4 mmol) at room temperature for 1 h. It was concentrated, treated with water extracted with EtOAc. The aqueous layer was acidified with dil. HCl. The title compound precipitated as a white solid. It was filtered, washed with water and dried. Yield, 0.45 g (95%); mp, 230-31° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 272 (M−1), analysis: C₁₃H₁₁N₃O₄ requires C, 51.14; H, 4.06; N, 15.38; found: C, 51.10; H, 4.20; N, 14.90%.

EXAMPLE 66e (4-{2-[5-(5-Methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperazin-1-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester

DCC (0.433 g; 2.1 mmol) was added with vigorous stirring to a solution of the compound of example 66d (0.53 g; 1.9 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (0.338 g; 2.47 mmol) in dry DMF (15 ml) at 0° C. After 10 min. piperazin-1-yl-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.43 g; 2.47 mmol) was added to the mixture It was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then kept in the freezer over night. The DCU was filtered off and the filtrate was washed with 1N aqueous NaHCO₃, water, 1N aqueous HCl, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% MeOH in chloroform) to obtain the title compound. Yield, 0.64 g (77%); mp, 189-90° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 450 (M⁺+Na), analysis: C₂₁H₂₅N₅O₅ requires C, 59.01; H, 5.90; N, 16.38; found: C, 58.80; H, 5.93; N, 15.80%.

EXAMPLE 67 (1-{2S-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-3-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 67 g in two steps, using the procedures sequentially, described in examples 1i and 4. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 48%; mp, 116-18° C.; MS (ESI): 547 (M⁺+Na), 525. (M⁺+1), analysis: C₂₇H₃₂N₃O₇, 1.5H₂O requires: C, 58.74; H, 5.80; N, 10.15; found: C, 58.60; H, 5.97; N, 10.00%.

EXAMPLE 67a 4-Hydroxy-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester

Benzyl chloroformate (8.55 mL; 60 mmol) was added drop wise over a period of 30 min to a well stirred chilled mixture of piperidin-4-ol (5 g; 49.44 mmol), 1N aqueous NaOH (60 mL; 60 mmol) and dioxane (60 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 min. at room temperature, treated with water, acidified with conc. HCl to pH 2 and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 50% CH₂Cl₂ in PE 60-80° C., 10% CH₃CN+2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 12.5 g (99%), oil; MS (CI): 236 (M⁺+1). 218, 192, 174, 91.

EXAMPLE 67b 4-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester

The compound of example 67a (16 g; 70 mmol) in dioxane (25 ml) was added drop wise at 5-10° C. to (toluene washed) 55% NaH (3.84 g; 80 mmol) suspended in dioxane (25 ml) over a period of 30 min. in an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, cooled to 0° C. and treated to a drop wise addition of ethyl 2-bromoacetate (8.9 ml; 80 58 mmol) over a period of 15-20 min. It was poured over crushed ice, and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5-10% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 18.5 g (84.55%), oil; MS (ESI): 344 (M⁺+Na), 322 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 67c (Piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The compound of example 67b (14 g, 43.56 mmol) in MeOH (150 ml) and AcOH (10 ml) was hydrogenated using 10% Pd—C (0.15 g) at 40-50 psi for 4 h. The catalyst was filtered off and treated with ethereal HCl. It was concentrated and the title compound obtained was crystallized from dry MeOH in ether. Yield, 9.5 g (97.5%).

EXAMPLE 67d (1-{2-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-[4-benzyloxycarbonyloxy-phenyl]-propionyl}-piperidine-4-yloxy)acetic acid ethyl ester

DCC (4.12 g; 20 mmol) in EtOAc (10 ml) was added under vigorous stiffing to a solution of di-Z-L-Tyr (8.08 g; 18 mmol) and HOBt (2.7 g; 20 mmol) in EtOAc (100 ml) at 0° C. After 10 min, the compound of example 67c (4.46 g; 19.93 mmol) was neutralized with Et₃N (2.8 ml; 20 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) at 0° C. and was added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and then kept in the freeze over night (˜16 h). DCU was filtered off. The filtrate was successively washed with 1N NaHCO₃, water, 1N HCl and brine. It was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography with 10% CH₃CN in CHCl₃. Yield, 8.2 g (73.6%); MS (ESI): 641 (M⁺+Na), 619 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₃₄H₃₈N₂O₉ requires: C, 66.01; H, 6.19; N, 4.53; found: C, 66.39; H, 6.58; N, 4.81%.

EXAMPLE 67e (1-{2-Amino-3-[4-hydroxy-phenyl]-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The compound of example 67d in MeOH and AcOH was hydrogenated using 10% Pd—C for 2 h at 40-50 psi. The catalyst was filtered off and ethereal HCl added. It was concentrated and the title compound obtained was crystallized from dry MeOH in ether. Yield, 85%; MS (ESI): 373 (M⁺+Na), 351 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 67f (1-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 67e using the procedure described in example 1g. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN, 2% MeOH in CHCl₃). Yield, 22%; mp, 73-75° C.; MS (CI): 520 (M⁺+29), 492. (M⁺+1), 292, 188, 158; analysis: C₂₇H₂₉N₃O₆ requires: C, 65.98; H, 5.95; N, 8.55; found: C, 65.68; H, 5.94; N, 8.18%.

EXAMPLE 67g (1-{3-[4-Hydroxy-phenyl]-2-(1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 67f using the procedure described in example 1h. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN and 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 95%; mp, 110° C.; MS (ESI): 548 (M⁺+Na), 526. (M⁺+1), 292, 188, 158.

EXAMPLE 68 (1-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 68d in two steps, using the procedures sequentially, described in examples 1i and 4. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 25% CH₃CN in chloroform, 2-5% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 67%, white solid; mp, 204-06° C. (MeOH: CHCl₃-PE 60-80° C.); MS (ESI): 441 (M⁺+Na), 419 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₀H₂₆N₄O₆ requires: C, 57.41; H, 6.26; N, 13.39; found: C, 57.51; H, 6.60; N, 13.49%.

EXAMPLE 68a (1-{2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained by reaction of tert-butoxycarbonylamino-acetic acid and Piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride (67c), using mixed anhydride procedure described for compound in example 25a. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography with 1% MeOH in chloroform. Yield, 84.6%, oil; analysis: C₁₆H₂₈N₂O₆ requires: C, 55.80; H, 8.19; N, 8.13; found: C, 55.48; H, 8.28; N, 8.06%.

EXAMPLE 68b (1-{2-Amino-acetyl}-piperidin 4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 68a using the procedure described in example 5b. Yield, 98%; MS (ESI): 267 (M⁺+Na), 245 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 68c (1-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 68b using the procedure described in example 1g. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform, 2-5% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 38.6%; mp, 109-11° C.; MS (ESI): 408 (M⁺+Na), 386 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₀H₂₃N₃O₅ requires: C, 62.33; H, 6.01; N, 10.90; found: C, 62.74; H, 6.19; N, 10.99%.

Alternative Method for Example 68c:

(5-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetic acid: Compound of example 66a (3.0 g; 12.8 mmol) was dissolved in THF (47.3 ml) and hydrolyzed with 0.5M LiOH (27.7 ml) for 30 min. The pH of the reaction was brought to 2 by adding 1N HCl. Most of the organic solvent was removed. The solid was filtered and washed with water. After drying under vacuum for 2 h at 50° C. it was crystallized from hot EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. Yield, 2.56 g (91.8%); mp, 262° C.; MS (EI): 216 (, 171, 115; analysis: C₁₁H₈N₂O₃ 0.25H₂O requires: C, 59.81; H, 3.86; N, 12.71; found: C, 60.17; H, 3.67; N, 13.06%.

(5-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetic acid: obtained above was reacted with (Piperidinyloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride (67c) by mixed anhydride method as described for the preparation of 25a to obtain 68c in 60% yield.

EXAMPLE 68d (1-{2-[1-Oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 68c using the procedure described in example 1 h. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 25% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 81%, yellow solid; mp, 177-80° C. (CHCl₃-PE 60-80° C.); MS (ESI): 442 (M⁺+Na), 420 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₀H₂₅N₃O₅S requires: C, 57.26; H, 6.01; N, 10.02; S, 7.64; found: C, 57.44; H, 6.24; N, 10.27; S, 7.96%.

EXAMPLE 69 (1-{3-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 69d in two steps, using the procedures sequentially, described in examples 1i and 4. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 25% CH₃CN in chloroform, by 2-5% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 44%, white solid; mp, 151-52° C.; MS (ESI): 455 (M⁺+Na), 433 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₈N₄O₆, requires: C, 58.32; H, 6.53; N, 12.95; found: C, 57.92; H, 6.61; N, 12.89%.

EXAMPLE 69a (1-{3-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Treatment of Boc-{tilde over (□)}Ala with (Piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride (67c), by mixed anhydride procedure described for compound in example 25a. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography with 1% MeOH in chloroform. Yield, 70%, oil; MS (CI): 387 (M⁺+29), 359 (M⁺+1), 259 (100%); analysis: C₁₇H₃₀N₂O₆ requires: C, 56.97; H, 8.44; N, 7.82; found: C, 56.67; H, 8.56; N, 7.60%.

EXAMPLE 69b (1-{3-Amino-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydrochloride

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 69a using the procedure described in example 5b; Yield, 98%; mp, 70° C.; MS (ESI): 259 (M⁺+1); analysis. C₁₂H₂₃ClN₂O₄ requires: C—, 48.90; H, 7.86; N, 9.50; Cl, 12.03; found: C, 48.93; H, 8.18; N, 9.61; Cl, 11.83%.

EXAMPLE 69c (1-{3-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-propionyl}-piperidine-4-yl oxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 69b using the procedure described in example 1g. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform, 2-5% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 35%; mp, 60° C.; MS (ESI): 422 (M⁺+Na), 400 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₅N₃O₅, 0.5H₂O requires: C, 61.69; H, 6.12; N, 10.28; found: C, 62.06; H, 6.17; N, 10.62%.

EXAMPLE 69d (1-{3-[1-Oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 69c using the procedure described in example 1h. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform, 1% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 98%, yellow solid; mp, 190° C.; MS ESI): 456 (M⁺+Na), 434 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₇N₃O₅S requires: C, 58.18; H, 6.28; N, 7.69; S, 7.4; found: C, 58.61; H, 6.60; N, 9.76; S, 7.29%.

EXAMPLE 70 (1-{2-[5-(5-Methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

A solution of the compound of example 68 (1.3 g; 3.1 mmol) in acetic anhydride (22 ml) was heated at 120-30° C., following the reported procedure (J. Gante. et. al. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1995, 6, 2425). It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 2% MeOH in CHCl₃) and crystallized from chloroform-ether to obtain the title compound as a white solid. Yield, 0.96 g (69%); mp, 126-27° C.; MS (ESI): 443 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₆N₄O₆, requires: C, 59.72; H, 5.92; N, 12.66; found: C, 59.18; H, 5.90; N, 12.30%.

EXAMPLE 71 (1-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid salt, sesquihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 69d in two steps, using the procedures sequentially, described in examples 1i and 3. It was purified using, flash chromatography (RP-18 using 30% MeOH and 0.2% AcOH in water) and triturated with MeOH-ether to obtain a white solid. Yield, 42%; mp, 189-90° C.; MS (ESI): 403 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₂H₃₀N₄O₇, 1.5H₂O requires: C, 53.93; H, 6.74; N, 11.44; found: C, 53.73; H, 6.58; N, 11.67%.

EXAMPLE 72 (1-{2-[5-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-4-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, sesquihydrate

NaHCO₃ (0.326 g; 3.88 mmol) was added at 0° C. to a mixture of the compound of example 71 (1.2 g; 2.59 mmol), dioxane (15 ml), water (7.5 ml) and 1N aqueous NaOH (2.59 ml). Subsequently di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (0.847 g; 3.88 mmol) in dioxane (2 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, stripped off dioxane and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 25% CH₃CN in chloroform, 2% MeOH in chloroform) to afford the title compound Yield, 0.75 g, white solid, (57%); mp, 83-85° C.; MS (ESI): 503 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₃₄N₄O₇, 1.5H₂O requires: C, 56.65; H, 6.99; N, 10.60; found: C, 56.52; H, 6.87; N, 11.29%.

EXAMPLE 73 (1-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid, hydrochloride, trihydrate

Aqueous 1N NaOH (1.81 ml; 1.81 mmol) was added to a well-stirred solution of the compound of example 72 (0.7 g; 1.39 mmol) in MeOH (7.2 ml) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was allowed to further stir at room temperature for 1 h. Methanol was removed under reduced and the aqueous layer was acidified with dil HCl at 0° C. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness. The crude material obtained was dissolved in a solution of 5% MeOH in chloroform (30 ml) and filtered. The filtrate was taken to dryness and the residue was triturated with dry ether to afford the title compound as a pure white solid. Yield, 14%, white solid; mp, 135-36° C.; MS (ESI): 373 (M⁺−1); analysis: C₁₈H₂₃ClN₄O₅, 3H₂O requires: C, 46.50; H, 6.29; Cl, 7.63; N, 12.05; found: C, 46.63; H, 6.23; Cl, 7.43; N, 11.64%.

EXAMPLE 74 (4-{2-[5-Acetimidoylamino-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; hydro iodide, hemihydrate

The title compound was prepared by refluxing a mixture of 74b, 74c and NaHCO₃ in acetonitrile for 4 h. It was concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN and 3% MeOH in chloroform) and triturated with MeOH-ether containing a few drops of EtOAc to obtain a pure white solid. Yield, 26%; mp, 196-97° C.; MS (ESI): 426 (M+1); analysis: C₂₂H₂₄IN₃O₆, 0.5H₂O, requires: C, 46.94; H, 4.95; N, 7.47; found: C, 46.56; H, 4.54; N, 7.32%.

EXAMPLE 74a (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-nitro-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 41d and ethyl 2-bromomethylnitrobenzoate using the procedure described in example 1g. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform) and crystallized from CHCl₃-EtOAc-PE 60-80° C. Yield, 16%, off white solid; mp, 224-26° C.; MS (ESI): 437 (M⁺+Na), 415 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₀H₁₈N₂O₈ requires: C, 57.97; H, 4.38; N, 6.76; found: C, 58.23; H, 4.38; N, 6.64%.

EXAMPLE 74b (4-{2-[5-Amino-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

A mixture of the compound of example 74a, cobalt (II) chloride and Zn powder in DMF and water was stirred to obtain the title compound, according to reported procedure (see Ind. J. Chem. 33B 758, 1994). It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% CH₃CN and 0.5% MeOH in chloroform) and crystallized using CHCl₃-PE 60-80° C. Yield, 43%, white solid; mp, 193-94° C.; MS (ESI): 407 (M⁺+Na), 385 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₀H₂₀N₂O₆ requires: C, 62.49; H, 5.24; N, 7.29; found: C, 62.95; H, 5.42; N, 7.31%.

EXAMPLE 74c Thioacetimidic acid methyl ester hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from thioacetamide using the procedure described in example 1i as a white solid white solid. Yield, 72%; mp, 158-60° C.; MS (EI): 89 (M⁺); ¹H NMR (DMSO-D₆): 2.56 (3H, s, CH ₃), 2.71 (3H, s, SCH ₃), 11.6 (1H, br, NH).

EXAMPLE 75 (3-Ethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 75c using the procedure described in example 4. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 50%, white solid; mp, 192-94° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 478.55 (M⁺+Na), 456.37 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₅N₃O₇, requires C, 60.65; H, 5.53; N, 9.23; found: C, 60.57; H, 5.42; N, 8.73%.

EXAMPLE 75a (4-{2-[5-Cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-ethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

Ethyl bromide (0.662 ml; 8.87 mmol) was added to a mixture of the compound of example 41f (0.7 g; 1.77 mmol), anhydrous K₂CO₃ (1.23 g; 8.87 mmol) and KF (0.07 g) in DMF (60 ml), with stirring at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h, poured over ice containing dill. HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 0.585 g (78%); white solid; mp, 180-81° C. (CHCl₃-PE 60-80° C.); MS (ESI): 445 (M⁺+Na), 423 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₂N₂O₆, requires C, 65.40; H, 5.25; N, 6.63; found: C, 65.75; H, 5.07; N, 6.11%.

EXAMPLE 75b (3-Ethoxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 75a using the procedure described in example 1 h. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 95%, yellow solid; mp, 176-77° C.; MS (ESI): 480 (M⁺+Na), 458 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₃H₂₄N₂O₆S, requires C, 60.51; H, 5.30; N, 6.14; S, 7.02; found: C, 60.17; H, 5.36; N, 5.66; S, 7.39%.

EXAMPLE 75c (3-Ethoxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 75b using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 98%, yellow solid; mp, 169-72° C.; MS (ESI): 471.5 (M⁺+1),

EXAMPLE 76 (4-{2-[5-carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-ethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 75c using the procedure described in example 1. It was purified using flash chromatography (RP-18 with 40% MeOH and 2% AcOH in water) and crystallized using MeOH-ether. Yield, 0.44 g (59%); mp, 202-03° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 440.54 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₉N₃O₈, requires C, 60.11; H, 5.85; N, 8.41; found: C, 59.87; H, 5.87; N, 8.33%.

EXAMPLE 77 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-ethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid, hydrochloride, hemihydrate

Aqueous 1N NaOH (1.6 ml; 1.6 mmol) was added to a well stirred mixture of the compound of example 76 (0.4 g; 0.8 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (0.1 g; 1.2 mmol) in dioxane-water (1:1; 5 ml) at 0° C. Subsequently di-tert-butyldicarbonate (0.262 g; 1.2 mmol) in dioxane (2.5 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was gradually brought to room temperature, and then allowed to stir for another 1 h. Dioxane was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was treated with water and extracted with EtOAc. The aqueous layer was acidified with 6N HCl to pH 3 and kept at room temperature for 16 h. The white solid that separated was filtered, washed with water, MeOH, ethyl acetate and dried to afford the pure title compound. Yield, 0.126 g (35%); mp, 241-42° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 413.61 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₁H₂₂ClN₃O₆, 0.5H₂O; requires C, 55.16; H, 5.03; N, 9.19; found: C, 55.16; H, 5.43; N, 9.22%.

EXAMPLE 78 (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-hydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

A mixture of the compound of example 42 (0.3 g; 0.7 mmol) and 1,1^(/)-carbonyldiimidazol (0.17 g; 1.05 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (100 ml) and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with 1N HCl, water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated, purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% MeOH in chloroform) and crystallized from MeOH-ether to obtain the title compound. Yield, 0.032 g; (10%), white solid; mp, 223-25° C.; MS (ESI⁻): 452.59 (M−1), analysis: C₂₂H₁₉N₃O₈, requires C, 57.09; H, 4.32; N, 9.08; found: C, 57.74; H, 4.18; N, 8.93%.

EXAMPLE 79 (4-{2-[5-(Acetylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

A mixture of the compound of example 42 (0.5 g; 1.17 mmol), KF (0.05 g), pyridine (0.189 ml; 2.34 mmol) and acetyl chloride (0.167 ml; 2.34 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ice water (100 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried, (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to obtain the crude product, which was purified by triturating with MeOH, CHCl₃ and ether to obtain the title compound as a pure white solid. Yield, 0.414 g; (75%); mp, 196-98° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 470.61 (M+1), analysis: C₂₃H₂₃N₃O₈, requires C, 58.85; H, 4.94; N, 8.95; found: C, 58.47; H, 4.44; N, 8.48%.

EXAMPLE 80 (3-Acetoxy-4-{2-[5-(5-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 42 using the procedure described in example 79 with the exception of using 8 equivalent of acetyl chloride and three times the amount of KF used earlier. Yield, 26%; mp, 162-64° C.; MS (ESI⁺): 494 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₃N₃O₈, requires C, 59.70; H, 4.78; N, 8.36; found: C, 60.08; H, 4.11; N, 7.85%.

EXAMPLE 81 (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid salt, hemihydrate

A mixture of the compound of example 58 (0.15 g; 0.319 mmol), glacial acetic acid (20 ml) and Ac₂O (0.066 ml; 0.703 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was hydrogenated using 10% Pd—C (0.02 g) at 20 psi for 15 min. The catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The crude product was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 40% MeOH and 0.2% AcOH in water). The pure product was crystallized using MeOH-ether. Yield, 0.105 g (64%); mp, 186-88° C.; analysis: C₂₆H₃₁N₃O₈ 0.5H₂O, requires C, 59.71; H, 6.12; N, 8.04; found: C, 59.53; H, 5.94; N, 7.45%.

EXAMPLE 82 (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid, sesquihydrate

NaOH (0.038 g; 0.937 mmol) in absolute EtOH (1 ml) was added to a suspension of the compound of example 58 (0.1 g; 0.0.213 mmol) in absolute EtOH (5 ml), and the clear solution was stirred at room temperature till the starting material was consumed. It was concentrated treated dil. HCl. and evaporated to dryness. The crude material was purified using flash chromatography (RP-18 with 1:1 MeOH: 0.2% AcOH in water). Triturating with ether and a trace amount of methanol purified the residue. Yield, 0.35 g (37%), white solid; analysis: C₂₂H₂₃N₃O₇ 1.5H₂O, requires C, 56.35; H, 5.55; N, 8.97; found: C, 56.77; H, 4.98; N, 8.92%.

EXAMPLE 83 (3-Allyloxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 83c using the procedure described in example 4. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 4% CH₃CN in chloroform, 2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 77%, white solid; mp, 182-83° C.; analysis: C₂₄H₂₅N₃O₇, 0.5H₂O, requires C, 60.49; H, 5.46; N, 8.81; found: C, 60.22; H, 5.09; N, 8.59%.

EXAMPLE 83a (3-Allyloxy-4-{2-[5-cyano-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 41f using the procedure described in example 75a. It was purified using flash chromatography (silica gel, 5-10% CH₃CN in chloroform). Yield, 76%, white solid; mp, 126-28° C. (CHCl₃-PE 60-80° C.); MS (ESI): 457.523 (M⁺+Na), 435.5 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₄H₂₂N₂O₆, requires C, 66.35; H, 5.10; N, 6.45; found: C, 66.14; H, 5.81; N, 6.97%.

EXAMPLE 83b (3-Allyloxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-thiocarbamoyl-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hemihydrate

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 83a using the procedure described in example 1 h. It was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% CH₃CN in chloroform, 2% MeOH in chloroform). Yield, 76%, yellow solid; mp, 74-76° C.; analysis: C₂₄H₂₄N₂O₆S, 0.5H₂O, requires C, 60.31; H, 5.24; N, 5.86; S, 6.70; found: C, 60.58; H, 4.97; N, 5.83; S, 7.03%.

EXAMPLE 83c (3-Allyloxy-4-{2-[5-methylsulfanylcarbonimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-iso indol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester, hydroiodide

The title compound was obtained from the compound of example 83b using the procedure described in example 1i. Yield, 98%, yellow solid; mp, 130° C. (d); MS (CI): 512 (M⁺+29), 484 (M⁺+1); analysis: C₂₅H₂₇IN₂O₆S, requires C, 49.29; H, 4.15; N, 4.02; I, 20.18; S, 5.38; found: C, 49.19; H, 4.46; N, 4.49; I, 20.49; S, 5.25%.

The efficacy of the present compounds in antagonizing the activity of the fibrinogen receptor can be determined by a number of pharmacological assays well known in the art, such as described below. The exemplified pharmacological assays, which follow herein below, have been carried out with the compounds of the present invention and their salts.

In Vitro Biological Experiments

Human blood (150 ml) was collected from the ante-cubital vein of normal healthy volunteers (who were not on any medication for the past two weeks), into a siliconized glass bottle containing 25 ml of acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution and 10 units of hirudin. The blood was immediately centrifuged at 200×g for 20 min at room temperature. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was separated and the platelet count read using a Beckman Coulter A^(c)T diff Counter. The tubes were centrifuged again at 2000×g for 10 min at room temperature, to get platelet-free plasma (PFP). The platelet count of PRP was adjusted to 3×10⁸ platelets/ml by appropriate dilution with PFP. All in vitro experiments were conducted using PRP with adjusted number of platelets.

Inhibition of platelet aggregation in human PRP (Born, G. V. R.; Cross, M. J., J. Physiol, 1963, 168, 175)

PRP was incubated with different concentrations of the test compound for 3 min at 37° C. Platelet aggregation was then induced by the addition of ADP (5-15 μM final concentration). Percent inhibition of platelet aggregation was then calculated by comparing test aggregation values with control values (Table 1). TABLE 1 Example No. IC₅₀ (μM)  3 0.093 20 0.05 24 0.006

Inhibition of aggregation of gel-filtered platelets (GFP) (Charo, I. F., Nanizzi, L. et al, J. Biol. Chem, 1991, 266, 1415-1421) (Table 2). TABLE 2 GFP Study % Inhib. against Example No ADP Thromb.  3 0.74 0.45 20 0.62 0.39

PRP was centrifuged at 285×g for 20 min to pellet the platelets. The platelet pellet was resuspended in Tyrode's buffer containing hirudin (0.06 unit/ml) and apyrase (40 mcg/ml). The platelet suspension was layered on to a Sepharose 2B (Sigma) column, previously equilibrated with Tyrode buffer (pH 7.4). Elution of platelets was carried out with Tyrode buffer containing dextrose (5.5 mM) and BSA (0.35%). The count of GFP was adjusted to 3×10⁸ platelets/ml with Tyrode's buffer. GFP suspension was mixed with ADP and fibrinogen and aggregation of platelets was studied in presence and in absence of the test compound. Similarly, the effect of the test compound on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was studied.

Receptor Binding assay: (Mousa S. A., et al. Cardiology. 1993: 83: 374-382. and Charo, I. F., Nanizzi, L. et al, J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 1415-1421)

Biotinylation of Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen was dialyzed against 0.1 M NaHCO₃, 0.1 M NaCl, pH 8.2 and spun in an ultracentrifuge at 1,00000×g for 30 minutes at 4° C. to remove any particulate matter. The protein concentration was adjusted to 1 mg/ml. Solid sulfo-N-hydroxy-succinimido-biotin (0.2 mg of biotin ester/ml of adhesive protein) was added and gently mixed end-over-end for 30 minutes at room temperature. The unreacted biotin ester was removed by exhaustive dialysis against 50 mM Tris.HCl, 100 mM NaCl, 0.05% NaN₃, pH—7.4 at 4° C. The biotinylated fibrinogen is stored at 4° C. until use.

Method

The GP IIb/IIIa protein (1 mg/ml) was diluted 1:200 with a Triton X-100-free buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl₂, 0.02% NaN₃ (Buffer A). This protein was immediately added to 96-well microtiter plates (Immulon II—Dynatech) at 0.1 ml (0.5 mg) per well and incubated overnight at 4° C. The wells were washed once with 50 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl₂, 0.02% NaN₃, pH 7.4 (buffer B). The unbound sites were then blocked by incubating the wells with 0.1 ml solution buffer B containing 35 mg/ml BSA, for 2 hours at 30° C. The wells were washed again with buffer B containing 1 mg/ml BSA (incubation buffer). The fibrinogen receptor antagonists were added simultaneously with biotinylated fibrinogen, so as to induce competition for binding to the gp IIb/IIIa receptor. Biotinylated fibrinogen (0.1 ml/well) was added at a final concentration of 10 nM and incubated for 3 hours at 30° C. After incubation, the wells were aspirated completely and washed once with 250 μl of binding buffer. Bound fibrinogen was quantitated by addition of 0.1 ml of Streptavidin horseradish peroxidase (1:2000 dilution). The wells were then washed with incubation buffer and 100 μl of the substrate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-benzidine dihydrochloride was added. (The substrate was prepared daily following the manufacturer's instructions—1 mg/ml of substrate prepared in DMSO was added to 9 ml of citrate buffer, pH=4). The kinetics of colour development was followed at 450 nm (Ref filter—630 nm) using a microtiter plate reader.

ex Vivo Biological Experiments

Mouse ex vivo Studies: (Weller, T., Alig, L., et al J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 3139-3147)

Mice of either sex weighing between 25-35 g were orally fed the test compound. Blood was collected, from the abdominal aorta into ACD solution, at different time-points ranging from 15 min to 6 h. The blood samples were centrifuged at 2000×g for 10 min to get PFP. This plasma was separated and used as test sample to study its effect on ADP-induced human platelet aggregation (Table 3). TABLE 3 Ex vivo in mice (1 mg/kg, p.o) Activity Example Peak activity (%) at Last time point* Activity (%) at No. (time in hours) peak (time in hours) last time point 42 0.75 100 6 62 49 0.75 65 3 38 23 1 100 4 35 *Time point after which the activity fell below 30% Guinea Pig ex Vivo Studies:

Guinea pigs of either sex weighing between 500-800 g were orally fed the test compound. Blood was collected, from the carotid artery into ACD solution, at different time-points ranging from 1 to 24 h. PRP was separated and the platelet count adjusted to 3×10⁸ platelets/ml using PFP. The effect of the test compound on ADP-induced guinea pig platelet aggregation was studied (Table 4). TABLE 4 Ex vivo in Guinea pigs (3.1 mg/kg, p.o) Activity Example Peak activity (%) at Last time point* Activity (%) at No. (time in hours) peak (time in hours) last time point 42 7 100 15 78 23 7 100 13 48 *Time point after which the activity fell below 30% In Vivo Biological Experiments

Thrombocytopenia in Guinea Pigs: (Voelkl K-P., Dierichs, R. Thromb. Res. 1986, 42, 11-20)

Guinea pigs weighing between 500-800 g were orally fed the test compound. After a fixed time interval the guinea pigs were anaethesized and the carotid artery and jugular vein were cannulated. Blood samples were collected from the carotid artery. After collection of the control blood sample (0 min), collagenase (10 mg/kg) was administered through the jugular vein. The endothelium gets damaged by the action of collagenase and causes platelets to aggregate at this site, thereby inducing thrombocytopenia. At every minute thereafter till 10 min and at 15, 20, 25 and 30 min after the administration of collagenase, blood samples were collected. The platelet count was read using the Beckman Coulter A^(c)T diff Counter. All counts were compared with the 0 min (before administration of proaggregatory challenge) sample to determine the fall in the number of free circulating platelets. A graph of the number of platelets against time was plotted and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) was calculated for each animal. Percent protection was determined by comparing the AUCs of treated to control animals.

Thrombus Formation in Hamster:

Hamsters weighing between 150-180 g were orally fed the test compound. After a fixed time interval they were anaesthetized and the abdominal aorta exposed. A copper wire with a one-centimeter long coil was inserted through the abdominal aorta, all the way up to the thoracic aorta. After 10 min the copper wire was withdrawn and the size of the thrombus, formed on the wire, determined by estimating the protein content. Percent inhibition of thrombus formation was determined by comparing the thrombi formed in the drug-treated group with those in the control group.

The compounds of the present invention have an IC₅₀ below 100 nM, for ADP-induced human platelet aggregation and ˜200 pM for fibrinogen binding. Efficacy studies in guinea pigs revealed that the compounds show a long duration of action. The compounds of the present invention also inhibited collagenase-induced thrombocytopenia in guinea pigs. Toxicity studies with some of these molecules revealed that the LD50 was >1000 mg/kg, p.o., in mice and rats. They did not significantly increase the bleeding time in guinea pigs. 

1-24. (canceled)
 25. A compound of the general formula (I):

wherein ring A is phenyl; R^(A) is selected from: —(CH₂)pCN, —C(═NR¹)—SMe and —C(═NR¹)—OMe, or R^(A) is selected from one of the following groups of formula (2), formula (3) and formula (4):

wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; s is 1; R¹ and R² are independently selected from: H, hydroxy, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle; or R¹ and R², together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle, optionally containing at least one additional hetero atom selected from: N, O and S; R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from: H, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —C(═O)OR⁵, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle, —OR⁵, —SR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —S(═O)₂NR⁵R⁶, —S(═O)₂R⁵, —C(═O)R⁵, —C(═O)NR⁵R⁶, —C(═O)OR⁵, —C(═O)SR⁵, —OC(═O)R⁵, —OC(═O)OR⁵, —OC(═O)NR⁵R⁶, —OS(═O)₂R⁵, —S(C═O)NR⁵ and —OS(═O)₂NR⁵R⁶, or R³ and R¹ or R⁴, together with the respective nitrogen atoms to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle, optionally having one or more additional heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy and —C(═O)OR⁵; R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl group optionally contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, S and O anywhere in the chain, including the terminal position; R⁷ and R⁹ have the same meaning as R³ and R⁴, defined above; R⁸ is selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein said heterocycle is saturated, partially saturated or aromatic and contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, O and S, with its point of attachment either through C or N, and wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl groups optionally contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, O and S, anywhere in the chain, including the terminal position; R^(B) is selected from: H, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —OR¹⁰, —SR¹⁰, S(O)R¹⁰, S(O)₂R¹⁰, —NHC(═O)R¹⁰, —NHOR¹⁰, —OC(═O)R¹⁰, —SC(═O)R¹⁰, —NHC(═O)OR¹⁰, —OC(═O)OR¹⁰, —C(═O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —C(═O)R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR¹⁰; R¹⁰ and R¹¹ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above Y¹ and Y², together, are selected from: ═O and ═S; R¹² and R¹³ are selected from: H, OR⁵, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl and aryl; Z is N; W is CH₂; R^(C) is selected from: H, alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, ═O, ═NR¹⁴, ═S, CN, NR¹⁴R¹⁵, OR¹⁴, SR¹⁴, S(═O)₂R¹⁶ and COR¹⁶; R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; R¹⁶ is selected from: H, OR¹⁴, N(R¹⁴)₂, NR¹⁴R¹⁵, SR¹⁴ and R⁵, wherein R⁵, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined above; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; R^(D) and R^(E) are independently selected from: H and an unsubstituted or substituted group selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷, —NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHC(═O)R¹⁷, —NHC(═O)OR¹⁷, —OC(═O)R¹⁷, —SC(═O)R¹⁷, —OS(═O)₂R¹⁷ and —NHS(═O)₂R¹⁷; R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; R^(F) is selected from: O, S and N(OR¹⁹); R¹⁹ and R²⁰ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; R^(G) is selected from: aryl, heteroaryl, and partially or fully saturated heterocycle, where said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle are substituted by one or more groups of the formula (5): T-(CH₂)_(q)—CR²³R²⁴—COR²⁵  (5) and optionally, further substituted by one or more groups selected from: —R⁵, halogen, —CN, —SCN, —CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(═O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)₂NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(═O)R²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²², —NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹]R²³, C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂R²¹ and —S(═O)₂OR²¹; R²¹ and R²² have the same meaning as R¹ and R², defined above: T is selected from: —CH₂, O, S and NH; q is 0, 1, 2 or 3; R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from: H, alkyl alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle and C(═O)R²⁵, wherein said alkyl and alkenyl optionally contain at least one hetero atom selected from: O, S and N, in any position of the alkyl or alkenyl chain, and said alkyl and alkenyl are unsubstituted or substituted with at least one group selected from: —OR¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —OS(═O)₂R¹, —S(═O)₂NR¹R², —OC(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)SR¹, —OC(═O)NR¹R², —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR¹, —NR¹(OR¹), —NR¹R², —NR¹C(═O)R², —N(R¹)C(═O)OR², —NR¹S(═O)₂R², C(═O)OR¹, —S(═O)₂R¹ and —S(═O)₂OR¹; R²⁵ is selected from: OR⁵, SR⁵, —OCR³R⁴ and —NR⁵R⁶, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined above and wherein optionally, R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy and —C(═O)OR⁵; and the group NR⁵R⁶ is, optionally, a heterocycle containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from: O, S, and N; in all its stereoisomeric and tautomeric forms and mixtures thereof in all ratios, and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates.
 26. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R^(G) is selected from: phenyl, piperidinyl and piperazinyl.
 27. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R^(A) is a group of the formula (3); R₁ is hydrogen; R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from: H, OH, —C(O)OH and —C(O)Oalkyl; R^(B)=R^(C)=R^(D)=R^(E)=hydrogen; Y¹ and Y², together are ═O; n is the integer 0 or 1; R^(G) is phenyl, substituted with one or more of the group -T-(CH₂)q-CH₂—C(O)R²⁵ and, optionally, further substituted with one or more of the groups selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, SR²¹, S(═O)₂R²¹ and —N(R²¹)—C(O)CH₃, —CH₂C(O)R²⁵; R²⁵ is selected from: OR⁵, OCR³R⁴ and NR⁵R⁶, wherein R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon to which they are attached form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵; and R⁵, R⁶ and R²¹ are independently selected from: H, alkyl and phenyl.
 28. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R^(A) is a group of the formula (3); R₁ is hydrogen; R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from: H, OH, —C(O)OH and —C(O)Oalkyl; R^(B)=R^(C)=R^(D)=R^(E)=hydrogen; Y¹ and Y², together are ═O; n is the integer 0 or 1; R^(G) is selected from: piperidinyl and piperazinyl, wherein said piperidinyl and piperazinyl are substituted with one or more of the group -T-(CH₂)q-CH₂—C(O)R²⁵ and, optionally, further substituted with one or more groups selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy and —C(═O)OR⁵; and R²⁵ is OR⁵, wherein R⁵ is selected from: H, alkyl and phenyl.
 29. A compound according to claim 1 selected from: (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; 4-(2-{5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl}-acetyl]-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methanesulfonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethoxy carbonyl methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(imino-{3-methyl-butyrylamino}-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-1-hydroxyimino-ethyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-isobutoxy carbonyl methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; 2-(4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-NN-diethyl-acetamide; 4-(2-{4-[2-(5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetyl]-phenoxy}-acetoxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester; 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(4-{2-[5-carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-butyric acid ethyl ester; 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-butyric acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid methyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-chloro-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-(imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethyl sulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethane sulfonyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethanesulfonyl-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2,6-Bis-ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Acetylamino-4-{2-[5-N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-(Ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino)-4-{2-[5-(imino-isobutoxy carbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-(Ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino)-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxy carbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-propoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-ethoxy carbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid; (2-Ethylsulfanyl-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (5-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-isopropyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-tert-Butyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Chloro-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Chloro-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (2-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid; (4-Hydroxy-3-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-5-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3,5-Dihydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperazine-1-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{2S-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{3-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{2-[5-(5-Methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{2-[5-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid; (4-{2-[5-Acetimidoylamino-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Ethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-[2-(5-carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetyl]-3-ethoxy-phenoxy}-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-ethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Acetylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Acetoxy-4-{2-[5-(5-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid; and (3-Allyloxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester.
 30. A compound according to claim 27 selected from: (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; 4-(2-{5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl}-acetyl]-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isopropyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methanesulfonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-methoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethoxy carbonyl methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(imino-{3-methyl-butyrylamino}-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-1-hydroxyimino-ethyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-isobutoxy carbonyl methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid isobutyl ester; 2-(4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-NN-diethyl-acetamide; 4-(2-{4-[2-(5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetyl]-phenoxy}-acetoxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester; 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(4-{2-[5-carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-butyric acid ethyl ester; 4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-butyric acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid methyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-chloro-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-(imino-isobutoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Chloro-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethyl sulfanyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-ethane sulfonyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethanesulfonyl-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2,6-Bis-ethylsulfanyl-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Acetylamino-4-{2-[5-N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-(Ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino)-4-{2-[5-(imino-isobutoxy carbonylamino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-(Ethoxycarbonylmethyl-methanesulfonyl-amino)-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxy carbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-propoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-ethoxy carbonylmethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid; (2-Ethylsulfanyl-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (5-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-isopropyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-tert-Butyl-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Chloro-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Chloro-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (2-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid benzyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid; (4-Hydroxy-3-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-5-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3,5-Dihydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-3-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (2-Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-5-hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Acetimidoylamino-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Ethoxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-[2-(5-carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-acetyl]-3-ethoxy-phenoxy}-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-ethoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[1-oxo-5-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-(Acetylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Acetoxy-4-{2-[5-(5-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (3-Hydroxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-2-propyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid; and (3-Allyloxy-4-{2-[5-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester.
 31. A compound according to claim 28 selected from: (4-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperazine-1-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{2S-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{2-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{3-[5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-propionyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{2-[5-(5-Methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; (1-{2-[5-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester; and (1-{2-[5-Carbamimidoyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl]-acetyl}-piperidin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid.
 32. A process for the preparation of a compound of general formula (I):

wherein ring A is phenyl; R^(A) is selected from: —(CH₂)pCN, —C(═NR¹)—SMe and —C(═NR¹)—OMe, or R^(A) is selected from one of the following groups of formula (2), formula (3) and formula (4):

wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; s is 1 or 2, and when s is 2 the groups R^(A) are independent of each other and can be the same or different; R¹ and R² are independently selected from: H, hydroxy, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle; or R¹ and R², together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle, optionally containing at least one additional hetero atom selected from: N, O and S; R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from: H, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —C(═O)OR⁵, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle, —OR⁵, —SR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —S(═O)₂NR⁵R⁶, —S(═O)₂R⁵, —C(═O)R⁵, —C(═O)NR⁵R⁶, —C(═O)OR⁵, —C(═O)SR⁵, —OC(═O)R⁵, —OC(═O)OR⁵, —OC(═O)NR⁵R⁶, —OS(═O)₂R⁵, —S(C═O)NR⁵ and —OS(═O)₂NR⁵R⁶, or R³ and R¹ or R⁴, together with the respective nitrogen atoms to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle, optionally having one or more additional heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy and —C(═O)OR⁵; R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl group optionally contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, S and O anywhere in the chain, including the terminal position; R⁷ and R⁹ have the same meaning as R³ and R⁴, defined above; R⁸ is selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein said heterocycle is saturated, partially saturated or aromatic and contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, O and S, with its point of attachment either through C or N, and wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl groups optionally contains at least one hetero atom selected from: N, O and S, anywhere in the chain, including the terminal position; R^(B) is selected from: H, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, alkyl, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —OR¹⁰, —SR¹⁰, S(O)R¹⁰, S(O)₂R¹⁰, —NHC(═O)R¹⁰, —NHOR¹⁰, —OC(═O)R¹⁰, —SC(═O)R¹⁰, —NHC(═O)OR¹⁰, —OC(═O)OR¹⁰, —C(═O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —C(═O)R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR¹⁰; R¹⁰ and R¹¹ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above Y¹ and Y², together, are selected from: ═O and ═S; R¹² and R¹³ are selected from: H, OR⁵, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl and aryl; Z is N; W is CH₂; R^(C) is selected from: H, alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, ═O, ═S, CN, NR¹⁴R¹⁵, OR¹⁴, SR¹⁴, S(═O)₂R¹⁶ and COR¹⁶; R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; R¹⁶ is selected from: H, OR¹⁴, N(R¹⁴)₂, NR¹⁴R¹⁵, SR¹⁴ and R⁵, wherein R⁵, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined above; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; R^(D) and R^(E) are independently selected from: H and an unsubstituted or substituted group selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl and heterocycle, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy, —C(═O)OR⁵, —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷, —NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHC(═O)R¹⁷, —NHC(═O)OR¹⁷, —OC(═O)R¹⁷, —SC(═O)R¹⁷, —OS(═O)₂R¹⁷ and —NHS(═O)₂R¹⁷; R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; R^(F) is selected from: O, S and N(OR¹⁹); R¹⁹ and R²⁰ have the same meaning as R⁵ and R⁶, defined above; R^(G) is selected from: aryl, heteroaryl, and partially or fully saturated heterocycle, where said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycle are substituted by one or more groups of the formula (5): T-(CH₂)_(q)—CR²³R²⁴—COR²⁵  (5) and optionally, further substituted by one or more groups selected from: —R⁵, halogen, —CN, —SCN, —CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(═O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)₂NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(═O)R²¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²², —NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹]R²³, C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂R²¹ and —S(═O)₂OR²¹; R²¹ and R²² have the same meaning as R¹ and R², defined above: T is selected from: —CH₂, O, S and NH; q is 0, 1, 2 or 3; R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from: H, alkyl alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocycle and C(═O)R²⁵, wherein said alkyl and alkenyl optionally contain at least one hetero atom selected from: O, S and N, in any position of the alkyl or alkenyl chain, and said alkyl and alkenyl are unsubstituted or substituted with at least one group selected from: —OR¹, —OC(═O)R¹, —OS(═O)₂R¹, —S(═O)₂NR¹R², —OC(═O)OR¹, —OC(═O)SR¹, —OC(═O)NR¹R², —SR¹, —S(═O)R¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR¹, —NR¹(OR²), —NR¹R², —NR¹C(═O)R², —N(R¹)C(═O)OR², —NR¹S(═O)₂R², C(═O)OR¹, —S(═O)₂R¹ and —S(═O)₂OR¹; R²⁵ is selected from: OR⁵, SR⁵, —OCR³R⁴ and —NR⁵R⁶, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined above and wherein optionally, R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or aromatic heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from: N, O and S, wherein the substituents are selected from: hydroxy, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, carboxy and —C(═O)OR⁵; and the group NR⁵R⁶ is, optionally, a heterocycle containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from: O, S, and N; which process comprises (a) reacting compound of formula (II):

wherein L is a leaving group; and all other symbols are as defined above; with a compound of the formula (III):

wherein all symbols are as defined above; in the presence of an organic or inorganic base in an organic solvent or a mixture of at least two different organic solvents, at a temperature ranging from −40° C. to 150° C., for 0.5 to 16 h, to effect in situ cyclization to form a compound of the general formula (I) above, and, optionally, converting the compound into a physiologically tolerable salt; or b) reacting a compound of the formula (IV)

wherein L₂ is a leaving group; and all other symbols are as defined above; with a compound of the formula (V): R^(G)-T(CH₂)_(q)CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵  (V) where R^(G) is selected from: piperidinyl, piperazinyl and phenyl, wherein said piperidinyl, piperazinyl and phenyl, are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 hydroxyl groups, and all other symbols are as defined above, in the presence of an organic or inorganic base in an organic solvent or water at a temperature ranging from 0° C. to 150° C., for 0.5 to 12 h, to form a compound of the general formula (I), and, optionally, converting one or more of the hydroxyl groups into a group selected from the substituents for R^(G) as defined in general formula (I) and, optionally, converting the compound into a physiologically tolerable salt; alternatively, activating a compound of the formula (IV) above, wherein L₂ is —OH, by treatment with a mixed anhydride to form a peptide coupling with a compound of the formula (V), wherein R^(G) is piperidinyl or piperazinyl, and thereby provide a compound of the general formula (I), wherein R^(G) is piperidinyl or piperazinyl substituted with at least a group of the formula (5); and, optionally, converting the resultant compound into a physiologically tolerable salt; or c) alkylating a compound of the formula (VIII):

wherein B is halogen, acetate or formate, and all other symbols are as defined above; with a compound of the formula:

wherein R^(G) is phenyl, having at least one substituent which is OCH₂Phenyl, and optionally at least one further substituent selected from: —R⁵, halogen, —CN, —SCN, —CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(═O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)₂NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(O)R²¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹OH, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²², —NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹]R²³, C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂R²¹ and —S(═O)₂OR²¹; and L₃ is a leaving group; and all other symbols are as defined above; in the presence of an organic or inorganic base in an organic solvent or a mixture of at least two different organic solvents, at a temperature ranging from −40° C. to 150° C., for 0.5 to 16 h, to effect in situ cyclization to form the compound of general formula (I), wherein R^(G) is phenyl having at least one substitutent which is —OCH₂Phenyl, R^(A) is —COOEt and s is 2; converting the —OCH₂Phenyl into hydroxyl and subsequently coupling the hydroxyl with the group L₄-(CH₂)_(q)—CR²³R²⁴COR²⁵, where L₄ is a leaving group; optionally converting one or both of the —COOEt groups into the cyano group —CH₂)pCN, wherein p is as defined; optionally, subsequently converting at least one of the cyano groups into a group of the formula (3), as defined; and, optionally, converting the resultant compound into a physiologically tolerable salt.
 33. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a compound of formula (I) according to claim 25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 34. A pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the binding of fibrinogen to blood platelets, comprising a compound of formula (I) according to claim 25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 35. A pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the binding of fibrinogen to blood platelets, comprising a compound of formula (I) according to claim 25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with an antithrombotic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 36. The use of a compound according to claim 25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of the binding of fibrinogen to blood platelets.
 37. The use of a compound according to claim 25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular thromboembolic diseases.
 38. The use according to claim 37 wherein the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular thromboembolic diseases include: arterial thromboembolism, cerebral thromboembolism, cerebral arterial thrombosis, coronary thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, diabetes-related thromboembolic disorders, sudden ischemic emergencies, myocardial infarction, pulmonary thromboembolisms, stroke, thrombophlebitis, transient ischemic attack, unstable angina and venous thrombosis or kidney thromboembolism.
 39. The use of a compound according to claim 25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of blood platelet aggregation.
 40. The use according to claim 39, wherein blood platelet aggregation includes platelet thrombosis, thromboembolism and reocclusion during and after thrombolytic therapy and platelet thrombosis, thromboembolism and reocclusion after angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery, and blood clots after orthopedic surgery.
 41. The use of a compound according to claim 25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention and treatment of diseases involving a cell adhesion process.
 42. The use according to claim 41, wherein diseases involving a cell adhesion process include: adult respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, asthma, rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, bone degradation, contact dermatitis, diabetic retinopathy, eczema, graft versus host disease, inflammatory bowel disease, metastasis, organ transplantation rejection, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock and tumors.
 43. A process according to claim 32, wherein the compound of the formula (VII),

wherein R^(G) is the substituted phenyl group below:

wherein R is a group of the formula (5); R^(F) is O; R^(D), R^(E), n and L₃ are as defined; is prepared by reacting the O-allylic compound H-60

wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently selected from: alkyl and alkylaryl, and R has the meaning defined above, with the compound L₃(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)COCl, wherein L₃ is a leaving group, R^(D), R^(E) and n are as defined, in the presence of a catalyst and an organic solvent or mixture of at least two organic solvents at a temperature ranging from room temperature to 120° C., for a period of 2 to 12 h and, optionally, isolating the compound of formula (VII) from the reaction mixture.
 44. A process according to claim 32, wherein a compound of the formula (III)^(/):

where R^(G) is the group

wherein R^(K), R^(L), R^(V) and R^(U), are independently selected from: H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, halogen, —CN, —SCN, —CNO, —OR²¹, —OC(═O)R²¹, —OS(═O)₂R²¹, —OS(═O)₂NR²¹R²², —OC(═O)OR²¹, —OC(═O)SR²¹, —OC(═O)NR²¹R²², —SR²¹, —S(═O)R²¹, —SC(═O)H, —SC(═O)OR²¹, —NO₂, —NR²¹(OR²²), —NR²¹R²², —NR²¹C(═O)R²², —N(R²¹)C(═O)OR²², —N[S(═O)₂R²¹]R²³, C(═O)OR²¹, —S(═O)₂R²¹, —S(═O)₂OR²¹ and a group of formula (5); R^(/) is a protected amino group; R^(F) is O; and R^(D), R^(E) and n are as defined; with the proviso that at least one of the groups R^(K), R^(L), R^(V) and R^(U) is a group of the formula (5) and at least one of the remaining R^(K), R^(L), R^(V) and R^(U) is OH; is prepared by reacting a mono- or polyhydroxy phenol of the formula (IX):

wherein R²¹ is selected from H, alkyl or aralkyl; and R^(K), R^(L), R^(V) and R^(U) have the meaning defined above; with a compound of formula (X): R^(/)(CH₂)_(n)CR^(D)R^(E)CN  (X) wherein R^(D), R^(E) and n are as defined above, R^(/) is a protected amino group; in the presence of an inorganic acid and a catalyst at a temperature in the range of 0° C. to 60° C., for a period of 2 to 12 h, in an organic solvent or a mixture of at least two organic solvents, and optionally, isolating the compound of formula (III)^(/) from the reaction mixture. 